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EXAM #4 (Neurons (synapses (Electrical (direct cytoplasmic connections…

- - - - direct cytoplasmic connections formed via gap junctions btwn pre and post synaptic neuron
      - ions flowin from one enzyme to the next
- - - - Somatic VOLUNTARY (afferent--> skeletal)
      - Autonomic INVOLUNTARY (efferent)
        
        Sympathetic
        
        Fight or flight
        
        Parasympathetic
        
        Rest ans digest
  - - - activity high=BC dilate, increasing blood supply to neurons
      - they also make and secrete sub. that influence the making and elimination of synapses
  - - - more negative inside than outside
      - leaky K+ ion channels creates the inside more negative than outside
      - gets stimulated and depolarized (more positive influx of )
      - after Action potential: NaK+ pump reestablishes the membrane potentials
    - - always either a depolarization or hyperpolarization in the membrane
      - can lead to action potentials
    - - IPSP>> hyperpolarization
        
        more negative, influx of __
      - EPSP Depolarization
        
        less negative, more positveInflux of
      - all or nothing
      - Raising phase
        
        Influx of Na+>>>stimulus cause neuron to depolarize reaching a voltage Na+ threshold. which stops Na channels
      - Falling phase
        
        hyperpol. happens the K+ channels open making K+ exit >>dpolarizing the MP
      - How are they propagated?
        
        they are in the direction to the synaptic terminals> accelerated by myelinated sheaths. or fat axons
        
        depolarizing current hops from one nod of Ranvier to another
        
        voltage gated Na channels enable reinitation
        
        saltatory conduction
    - - Ligand-gated: CHEMICALLY GATED
        
        Cl: binding GABA lefts Cl in
      - Voltage-gated channels
        
        only opens with a change in voltages
        
        Na or K