Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Ch 9 Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (Flower Structure…
Ch 9 Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
fragmentation
large spreading or vining plant grows to several meters length and individual parts become self-sufficient by establishing adventitious roots
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
gametes
diploid adults have sex organs that produce haploid sex cells
sperm
male
egg
female
sporophytes
always diploid
have organs
spores
where meiosis occurs
gametophyte
haploid plant that produces gametes
microgametes
sperms cells
swim
macrogametes
large eggs
do not swim
alternation of generations
life cycle of plants
sporophyte or gametophyte
Flower Structure
pedicel
flower stalk
receptacle
other flower parts are attached
complete flowers
have all four types
sepals, petals, stamen, and carpels
incomplete flowers
lack one of four main types
sepals
lowermost and outermost of four floral appendages
calyx
all sepals together
petals
above sepals
corolla
all petals together
perianth
sepals and petals
stamens
above petals
collectively called androecium
two parts
filament
its stalk
anther
where pollen is produced
pollen
microspores and microgametophytes
carpels
constitute the gynoecium
located at the highest level on receptacle
have three main parts
stigma
catches pollen grains
style
elevates stigma to useful position
ovary
where megaspores are produced
Gametophytes
vegetative cell
cells that do not give rise to sperm cells
generative cell
cells that give rise to sperm cells
pollen tube
pollen grain germinates with tube-like process that carries sperm to egg vicinity
embryo sac
technical term for multinucleate megagametophyte
Fertilization
plasmogamy
fusion of protoplasts of the gametes
karyogamy
fusion of the nuclei
double fertilization
sperm fusion with egg nucleus and the other with polar nuclei
endosperm
nourishes the development of the zygote
Embryo and Seed Development
suspensor
pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm
cotyledon
leaflike structure involved in either nutrient storage
radicle
embryonic root
epicotyl
embryonic stem
hypocotyl
root/shoot junction
albuminous seed
mature seed in which endosperm is abundant
exalbuminous
endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity
Fruit Development
fruit
what ovary matures to
Three layers become distinct during growth
exocarp
outer layer, skin or peel
mesocarp
middle or flesh
endocarp
innermost layer
pericarp
entire fruit wall
Flower Structure and Cross Pollination
Cross-Pollination
is the pollination of a carpel by pollen from different individual
self pollination
pollination of a carpel by pollen from the same flower
or another flower of a same plant
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
compatibility barriers
chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent pollen growth
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
essential organs
produce critically important spores
imperfect flowers
flowers that lack either or both essential organs
perfect flowers
has both essential organs
nonessential organs
sepals and petals do not produce spores
monoecy
condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plants as carpellate flowers
dioecy
condition in which a species has two types of sporophyte
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
coevolution
type of evolution in which two species become increasingly adapted to each other
results in highly specific interaction
actinmorphic
synonym for regular flowers
zygomorphic
bilaterally symmetrical flower
Wind-Pollinated Flowers
Ovary Position
inferior ovary
ovary located below sepals, petals, stamen
superior ovary
ovary located above sepals, petals, and stamen
half inferior
sepals, petals, and stamen are intermediate
Inflorescences and Pollination
inflorescence
discrete group of flowers
give collective visual signals to pollinators
two basic arrangements occur
determinate inflorescence
indeterminate inflorescence
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
true fruit
refers to fruits containing only ovarian tissue
accessory fruit
false fruit
used if any nonovarian tissue is present
simple fruit
fruit develops from a single ovary
aggregate fruit
separate carpels of one gynoecium fuse during development
multiple fruit
all individual fruits of a florescence fuse into one fruit
Classification of Fruit Types
dry fruit
not typically eaten by natural seed distributing animals
fleshy fruit
fruits that are eaten during the natural seed distribution process
dehiscent fruit
break open and release seeds
indehiscent
fruit does not break open and release seed
