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Islam c1071 (The rise of the seljuk Turks (Anatolia (rivals = consequences…
Islam c1071
The rise of the seljuk Turks
Fatimid Caliphate to south relied on mercenary army/slaves (mamluks)
Vizier of Egypt (al-Afdal) took Jerusalem in 1098
Seljuk struggles
power rested on martial ability
at odds w/ most of their subjects because they were of different religions
Anatolia
rivals = consequences for progression of crusaders crossing
South and west = Sultanate of Rum under Kilij Arslan
Danishmends controlled north and eastern
Malik Shah
Death meant vying emirs
he died + brother Tutush took over
Tutush died in 1095
sons of Tutush, Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus argued between themselves over power
Allowed Kerbogha of Mosul to become pre-eminent power in Northern Syria + more Muslim disunity
Sunni converts that had been dominant since mid 11th century
expanded into central + southern Syria
power base in Iran and Iraq
Islamic society and economy
Cobbs
compared to Europe "model of civilisation: it was wealthy, ordered, enlightened, imperial, and protected by a merciful God"
Wealth
goods produced = spices + cloth
also traded slaves
Traded w/ Europe for things such as fur + timber
based on agrarian economy w/ production of food
land was key
Islamic towns
Mix of people: Muslims, Jews, Christians, Arabs etc.
Non-muslims had to pay tax "Jizya to show submission to Muslim ruler + allowed them to practice their own faith
could act as trading centre, religious centre, transport hub etc.
Bigger towns had variety of these functions
Islamic cities
Very big ones = 100,000s whilst London and Paris only had 20,000
more "civilised" than ones in Europe
Since birth, Islam had spread from East to North Africa and even into the Iberian Peninsula
Islamic politics
dynasties
When crusades came two rival power bases existed that wouldn't cooperate
Shi'a caliphate emerged after conquest of northern Africa
pushed on to Egypt, base = cairo
would fight for Syria + Palestine
Umayyad lasted from 7th to 8th century in Syria
Umayyad dynasty almost died but new caliph emerge in Spain
overthrown by Abbasids
centre of power = Baghdad
Tyreman said not bothered by crusaders b/c saw them as Byzantine mercenaries
Head of politics = caliph
by the age of the crusades, no more than a figurehead (but powerful)
Muslim Expansions
Prophet Muhammad died + Islam split in two
Shi'a muslims thought that caliphs should be democratically elected but only descendants of the Prophet could be Imams
recognised Ali (Muhammad's cousin) as caliph
Sunni Muslims thought that caliphs should be democratically elected like the first 4
recognised Abu Bakr as caliph