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Christianity in Western Europe c1071 (The Role of the Church in the late…
Christianity in Western Europe c1071
The rising influence of the papacy
Investiture Controversy
Success in this lead to Popes being able to assert their powers above Kings
developed over whether the nobility had the right to appoint individuals to church positions
Church reformers took back power of investiture to church positions
Henry continued to appoint own bishops
1073: Pope Excommunicated Henry
Combination of Pope, Barons and Normans --> Henry was absolved
Pope also got reinforcements from Normans of Sicily
Barons in HRE supported pope b/c wanted to seize royal holdings + build forts so needed weak Emperor
Declarations made e.g. College of Cardinals to elect future popes
Fall of Papacy
After Gregory's death = Pope Victor III
4 days in Rome until serious rioting broke out
10 months later = consecrated, then lasted another month
Fled to Monte Cassino then died
1084: Pope Gregory under pressure for Normans' methods of fighting HRE Henry
Clement III tried to become anti-pope
Gregory had to escape
Died in 1085
not clear whether Pope had "earthly"power
This problematic in HRE
people in HRE wanted to be independent from Emperor = 6 yr old boy Henry IV
Had to fight to maintain control especially against the papacy
question whether HRE was subject to the demands of the pope
could he intervene to tell king's how to run their kingdoms?
Pope Urban II
After Victor = Pope Urban II
After installed opened diplomatic relations w/ Byzantine Emperor
took 6 years to get back to Rome
used Normans to assert his position as pope
Gregorian reformer
adviser to Pope Gregory VI during in early 1080s
Would continue papal reforms by placing Pope's position above that of secular rulers
Previous legate in Germany
The Role of the Church in the late 11th century
Pope had Petrine authority
Jesus appointed Peter, then peter appointed first pope and so on
Power of the Pope
able to make decisions on matters of religion about what was acceptable in Catholic Church
Relationship between Pope and Nobility
Simony = right to appoint to lucrative posts sold to nobility
Got income by fee paid to nobility
gave nobility income and careers in church for second sons
Holy Roman Emperor
Needed support of Pope to use title "Holy Roman Emperor"
Would challenge the position of the Pope
People very concerned about what would happen to them in the afterlife
Bishops and popes anointed Kings
Very powerful