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Seed Plants 1: Seed Plants Without Flowers ("Gymnosperms")…
Seed Plants 1: Seed Plants Without Flowers ("Gymnosperms")
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperms
Aneurophytales
relictual progymnosperms
various stature
shrubs
large trees
vascular cambium
secondary growth
primary xylem
protostele
little webbing
Archaeopteridales
more derived progymnosperm
trees
abundant wood
secondary phloem
partial webbing
reproduction
heterosporous
Evolution of Seeds
earliest progymnosperm
Chauleria
megasporangium
one megaspore
mother cell
produced
one large
viable megaspore
three small
aborted cells
surrounded
layer of tissue
integument
micropyle
large hole
permitted sperm cells
projected upward
top
microspores settled
pollen chamber
Division Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
Seed Ferns
Earliest
Upper Devonian Period
form grade
not closely related
any woody plants
fern-like foliage
bore seeds
Long-lived vascular cambium
#
produced
xylem
phloem
tracheids
longer
wide
Rays
many cells wide
very tall
large wedges
parenchyma
manoxylic
much softer
less dense
Leaves
similar organization
compound
planar
large
foliage leaves
bore seeds
Division Coniferophyta: Conifers
diverse
50 genera
550 species
trees
moderate size
gigantic size
Leaves
perennial
persist many years
venation
simple
1-2 long veins
center
needle-shaped
several parallel veins
scale-shaped
endodermis
tissue
transfusion tissue
transfusion parenchyma cells
transfusion tracheids
Wood
lack vessels
phloem
lacks sieve tubes
narrow tracheids
pollen cones
seed cones
resemble
fruits flowering plants
Pines
monopodial
one main trunk
many branches
composed
exclusively tracheids
rays
thin
tall
contain
ray tracheids
paremchyma
types of shoot
long shoots
tiny
papery leaves
short shoots
axils
long needles
Contain
Pollen cones
#
simple cones
single
short
unbranches axis
bears microsporophylls
Seed cones
more complex
compound cones
shoot
axillary buds
short axis
cone bracts
microscopic
forms
ovuliferous scale
first cells
elongate
suspensor
other cells
proembryo
Division Cycadophyta: Cycads
short plants
trunk
covered with bark
persistent leaf bases
Tracheids
#
long
wide
rays
massive
Produce
seed cones
variable
large
loose aggregation
pinnately compound
pollen cones
#
spirally arranged
shield-shaped
microsporophylls
bear clusters
microsporangia
Dioecious
Division Cycadeoidophyta: Cycadeoids
All extinct
Vegetative features
Individual cones
megasporophylls
microsporophylls
Division Ginkgophyta: Maidenhair Tree
single living species
unusual
Features
many branches
stout trunk
Wood
lacks vessels
axial parenchyma
Division Gnetophyta
Three Groups
Ephedra
40 species
tough shrubs
bushes
leaves
reduced
scale-like
Welwitschia micrabilis
only species
short
wide stem
two leaves
grow perennially
#
Gnetum
30 species
vines
small shrubs
broad leaves
