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Disease Models (Historical Disease Concepts (Primary Disease (addiction is…
Disease Models
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Disadvantages
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Non-drug interventions are very limited. There’s no point providing family therapy, if you believe that addiction is a brain disease.
If addiction is a brain disease, then the best outcome is abstinence, because the problem is the effect of the drug on the brain
- 12-step program is promoted because the goal is abstinence
Exposure Model
introduction of a substance into the body on
a regular basis will inevitably lead to addiction
- assumption that the introduction of a narcotic into the body causes metabolic adjustments requiring continued and increasing dosages of the drug in order to avoid withdrawal
- drugs increase the amount of dopamine in the synapse
- if used on a regular basis, will reduce the body's natural dopamine production
- lesser & fewer sensitive receptors for dopamine
- bring about a reliance on and tolerance to the external chemical agent
- disrupts the normal balance of brain circuits that control rewards, memory and cognition > compulsion and desire
Advantages
Remove shame
- viewing their addiction as a disease may facilitate their taking steps to address their addiction
- see “compulsion” as the defining feature of addiction, meaning the drug user has lost voluntary control over drug use
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Susceptibility Model
- genes + environment determine addiction
- inherited characteristics are predisposition
genetic factors
- individual differences in drug metabolism, tolerance, sensitivity etc
- each person inherits 50% of genes from each parent = genotype
- interaction between genotype and environment = phenotype
- operate in a probablistic manner = can either increase/ decrease the risk of substance use disorders
psychosocial pathways
- numerous
e.g. inadequate parental monitoring, supervision, dysfunctional parent-child modeling, marital discord, family stress, child abuse etc
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- relative influence of genetic and environment factors change with increasing age
- initiation of substance = influenced by familial and social factors
- maintenance of established patterns of use = influenced by genetic factors
Denial = protective function (protect the ego from threat of inadequacy), coping mechanism
- inability to perceive an unacceptable reality