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Stress & Stressors (Personality (Personality Types (Hardy personality,…

- - - - Some stressors cause distress
        
        the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors
      - Some stressors cause eustress
        
        the effect of positive events
        
        Updated: the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being
    - - Major life changes
        
        Cause stress by requiring adjustment
        
        College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)
        
        measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a college student’s life
        
        Version of the SRRS that includes stressful events more likely to be experienced by college students
        
        Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
        
        Includes both positive and negative events
        
        Add up total “life change units” over a one-year period
        
        measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a person’s life
      - Hassles
        
        Daily annoyances of everyday life
        
        Hassles scale (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
        
        Person rates severity of hassle from 0 to 3
        
        Hassles predict short-term illness
        
        Perceived severity is better indicator than number
        
        Compare to major life events
        
        Change with developmental stage
        
        Elderly people much more strongly affected by things like going shopping, doctor’s appointments, and bad weather
        
        Bulk of the daily stress comes from hassles
        
        Little frustrations, delays, irritations, minor disagreements, and similar small aggravations
      - Catastrophes
        
        an unpredictable, large-scale event
        
        Tremendous need to adapt and adjust
        
        Overwhelming feelings of threat
        
        Examples: natural disasters, terrorist attacks
    - - Uncontrollability
        
        degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation
        
        The less control, the greater the degree of stress
      - Frustration
        
        produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need
        
        Typical responses to frustration
        
        Aggression
        
        actions meant to harm or destroy
        
        Displaced aggression: taking out one’s frustrations on some less threatening or more available target
        
        Escape/withdrawal
        
        leaving the presence of a stressor
        
        Persistence
        
        continuation of efforts to get around whatever is causing the frustration
        
        Frustration can be externalor internal
        
        External frustrations
        
        goal cannot be attained because of external obstacles
        
        Car breaks down, experience of theft/loss, etc.
        
        Internal frustrations
        
        goal cannot be attained because of internal/personal characteristics
        
        Motion sickness for would-be astronaut, etc.
      - Pressure
        
        Demands/expectations come from outside source
        
        Can negatively impact creativity
        
        produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior
      - Conflict
        
        being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained
        
        Avoidance-avoidance conflict
        
        a person must choose between two undesirable goals
        
        Example: You’re voting an election, but you strongly dislike both candidates in a particular race
        
        Approach-approach conflict
        
        a person must choose between two desirable goals
        
        You’re deciding whether to have Italian food or Thai food for lunch, both of which sound good
        
        Approach-avoidance conflict
        
        a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects
        
        Example: You would enjoy eating a side dish with your meal, but you don’t want to pay more for it
        
        Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
        
        a person must choose from among two or more goals, with each goal possessing both desirable and undesirable aspects
        
        Example: You’re deciding between taking a less enjoyable course that meets more requirements and a more enjoyable course that meets fewer requirements
- - - - continued activation of sympathetic nervous system
      - Noradrenaline/norepinephrine →analgesia
    - - body’s resources gone
      - Stressor ends →activation of parasympathetic nervous system
    - - initial activation of sympathetic nervous system
      - Burst of energy
- - - - Continual/chronic stress depletes body’s resources
- - - - NK cell: responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells
- - - - Significantly less likely to look for cues of threat
- - - - Less driven and competitive than type A
      - Slow to anger
      - Relaxed and laid-back
    - - Finds expressing emotions difficult
      - Higher cancer rates
      - Pleasant but repressed person
        
        Tends to internalize anger and anxiety
        
        Tries to keep the peace
    - - Easily annoyed
      - Tends to have high levels of hostility and anger
      - Ambitious, time conscious, and extremely hardworking
    - - Deep sense of commitment to values
      - Sense of control over their lives
      - Seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the type A personality
      - View problems as challenges to be met and answered
  - - - expect positive outcomes
      - Glass half full
      - Less likely to
        
        Ignore their health
        
        Become depressed
        
        Develop learned helplessness
        
        Have immune system problems
    - - expect negative outcomes
      - Glass half empty
  - - - Problem-focused coping
        
        one tries to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions
      - Emotion-focused coping
        
        one changes the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor