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stress and stressor (stress - causing events are called stressors; can…
stress and stressor
stress - causing events are called stressors; can come from external or internal sources; range from mild to severe
external stress causing events may include catastrophes, major life changes and daily hassles (differ according to developmental stage)
can be assessed systematically(like social readjustment rating scale, college undergraduate stress scale
negative events cause distress; positive events cause eustress, the optimal level of stress required to facilitate healthy adaptation and well-being
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physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threating or challenging
Personality Factors
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Type A personality
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Ambitious, time conscious, and extremely hardworking
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Psychological Stressors
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Conflict: being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained
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▪ Multiple approach-avoidance conflict = a person
must choose from among two or more goals, with each goal possessing both desirable and undesirable aspects
Example: You’re deciding between taking a less enjoyable course that meets more requirements and a more enjoyable course that meets fewer requirements
Approach-avoidance conflict = a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and
negative aspects
▪ Example: You would enjoy eating a side dish with your
meal, but you don’t want to pay more for it
social factors
culturally, stress is affected by status of acculturation ( adapting to a new different, or often dominant culture) and the method chosen to adapt
separation : majority culture is rejected and original cultural identity is maintained ( high stress)
marginalization; does not maintain contact with original culture or join majority culture ( greatest stress)
assimilation: individual gives up old culture and completely adopts ways of majority ( moderate stress)
integration : orginal identity maintained but forms positive relationships with the members of dominant culture ( lowest stress
poverty and job stress are prominent, economically based social factors that lead to stressful living conditions
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job stress may be related to workload, lack of control or job security, work schedule, and low job satisfaction
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in general, having positive social support system that provides various forms of help is good predictor for healthy aging and longevity
Environmental Stressors
catastrophes
an unpredictable, large-scale event
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Stress & Disease
Type 2 Diabetes = disease in which the body either become resistant to the effects of insulin or can no longer secrete enough
insulin to maintain normal glucose levels
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Cancer = a collection of diseases that can affect any part of the body, in which cancer cells divide without stopping
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Coronary heart disease (CHD) = the buildup of a waxy substance called plaque in the arteries of the heart
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Cognitive Appraisal
Cognitive appraisal approach: how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become
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Primary appraisal: involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge
Secondary appraisal: involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor
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Immune System
cells, organs, and chemicals of the
body that respond to attacks from diseases,
infections, and injuries
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Cognitive Reappraisal
Participants told they were going to engage in publicspeaking task (Jamieson et al., 2012)
“Placebo” instruction group: told the best way of coping
with stress was to ignore the source of stress
Arousal-reappraisal instruction group: told why they experience physiological arousal during stress and encouraged to interpret arousal as a tool to help them
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Coping Strategies
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actions that people can
take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the
effects of stressors
general adaptation syndrome ( the three stages of body's physiological adaptation to stress ( Selye, 1956)
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