Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Stress (Hassles (Person rates severity of hassles from 0 to 3, Hassles…
Stress
Hassles
- Person rates severity of hassles from 0 to 3
-
Hassle Scale ( Lazarus and Folkman,1984)
- perceived severity is better indicator than number
- Little frustations, delays,irritations, minor disagreement, and similar small aggravation
- compare to major life events
-
- Major life events more of an impact of long-term health
-
- Elderly people much more strongly affected by things like going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather
Major Life Changes
- Includes both positive and negative events
- Add up total "life change units' over a one-year period
- Score >= 300 ; very high change of becoming ill or having an accident in the near future
- measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a person's life
-
-
- measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a college student's life
- Version of the SRRS that included stressful events more likely to be experienced by college
-
Environmental Stressors
-
-
-
-
Catastrophes
an unpredictable, large-scale event
-
-
Examples: natural disasters, terrorist attacks
Psychological Stressors
Frustration
-
-
External frustrations: goal cannot be attained because of external obstacles
- Car breaks down,experience of theft/loss,etc
Internal frustation: goal cannot be attained because of internal/personal characteristics
- Motion sickness would- be for an astronaut
-
-
Aggression: actions meant to harm or destroy
- Displaced aggression: taking out of one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target
-
Conflict
being pulled towards or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained
Approach-approach conflict: a person must choose between two desirable goals
- Example: youre deciding whether to have italian food or thai food for lunch,both which sound great
Avoidance -avoidance conflict : a person must choose between two undesirable goals
- Example: you're voting an election, but you strongly dislike both candidates in a particular race
Approach- avoidance conflict: a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects
- Example : you would enjoy eating a side dish with your meal , but you don't want to pay more for it
Mutiple approach-avoidance: a person must choose from among two or more goals , with each goal possessing both desirable and undesirable aspects
- Example ; youre deciding between taking a less enjoyable course that meets more requirements and a more enjoyable course that meets fewer requirements
Uncontrollability
- The less control, the greater the degree of stress
-
Pressure
- Demands/expectations comes from outside source
- Can negatively impact creativity
-
Stress and stressors
-
Stress: physical,emotional,cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
Health
Stress and Disease
- Associated with excessive weight gain
-
Type 2 Diabetes: diseases in which the body either becomes resistant to the effect of insulin or can no longer secrete enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels
-
- stress puts people at higher risk for CHD
Cancer: a collection of diseases that can affect any part of the body, in which cancer cells divide without stopping
Coronary heart diseases (CHD): the buildup of a waxy susbtance called a plaque in the arteries of the heart
-
stress increases malfunction of natural killer (NK) cell
- NK cell: responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells
Immune system
- Psychoneuroimmunology: the study of the effects of psychological factors on the immune system
-
- Negatively affected by prolonged stress response
- stress increases immune system activity
cells, organs,and chemicals of the body that responds to attack from diseases,infection and injuries
-
- continual/chronic stress depletes body's resources
Cognitive Appraisal
Primary appraisal: involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge
Secondary appraisal : involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor
- Two- step process : primary and secondary appraisal
cognitive reappraisal: people experience a stressor can reappraise arousal and shift the negative effects to positive ones
- Lazarus's cognitive- mediational theory of emotions
Cognitve appraisal approach : how people think about a stressor determines , at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become
Personality Factors
Type A personality
-
-
Ambitious, time conscious, and extremely hardworking
Cogntive assessment of stressors is often related to one's personality:- Personality can impact longevity
-
-
-
Coping Strategies
Problem-focused coping; one tries to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions
Emotions-focused coping; one changes the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
-
Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize the effect of stressors
Explanatory Styles
Pessimists: expect negative outcomes
Optimists; expect positive outcomes
-
Stress and health
GAS
-
Resistance: continued activation of sympathetic nervous system
- Noradrenaline/ norepinephrine = analgesia
-
Exhaustion : body's resources gone
- stressor ends = activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) ; figures prominently in the body's physiological response to stress
-