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Secret Trusts (Motives (Indecision Re Snowden, Unlawful Purpose: Wallgrave…

- - - - If FIRST Told BEFORE/at WILL then ALL BOUND - Russell
      - Otherwise ONLY Told = Bound - Stead; Sever off
- - - - FST = Lifetime: Wallgrave
      - HST
        
        England & Wales - Before/ At Time of Will - Re Keen
        
        DISCUSS ....
        
        EIRE/ ROI & much of Commonwealth - same as for FST - Prendiville, Ledgerwood
    - - Ottaway re 'After Your Life then Will' OK
      - Unclear how much detail needed ...
      - Must Fit Facts: Keen/ Johnson
      - Trustee-Beneficiary Claims treated with - care ... Pugh / Rees
    - - IF NOT
        
        HST - Resulting Trust (Johnson v Ball)
        
        FST - Outright Gift (unless Re Boyes situation)
    - - ORAL or WRITING OK
        
        Query re s.53(1)(b) & Land STs - Ottaway?
        
        Objective Evidence desirable!
      - 'Sealed Orders' OK - Re Keen
  - - - may require Reasonable Notice (ie see Contract rules?)
      - see also re Disclaimer ...
  - - - FULLY S.T - at discussion with Secret Trustee
      - HALF S.T - on face of Will
    - - Nominally Usual 3Cs - Adams v Kensington &c
      - But NB Traditional formulae eg 'Knowing my wishes concerning the same' = HALF ST
- - - - Unconscionably Defeating T's/ B's hopes/ plans
      - Personal Gain eg Thynn
      - Abuse of Statute (Rochefoucauld-y)
    - - Dodges around Wills Acts?
      - But ...
        
        Does it? And other Forms/Consti rules?
        
        Lacks moral force of 'Fraud'?