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Social Justice (Erickson (“For a time, this made apprenticeship the…

- - - - -“A more visible form of parental support is the "advocacy" role (Siddle Walker, 1996). "Advocates" were parents and community leaders who interposed them- selves between the needs of the school community and the power of the White school board and made requests on behalf of the school. Sometimes they made these requests directly to local school boards; sometimes they appealed to school supervisors at the state capitols.
      - “African Americans are recorded as buying pianos, playground equipment, books, science equipment, and other supply items for the schools.” (Walker, 2000, p. 271)
      - “Parent teacher association meetings were reportedly well attended, as were spring and Christmas concerts, and operettas. Athletic events were also occasions of parental activity.” (Walker, 2000, p. 272)
    - - “the African American principal is described as a superintendent, supervisor, family counselor, financial advisor, community leader, employer, and politician.” (Walker, 2000, p. 275)
      - “In this role, the principal motivated parents to provide resources for the school and alerted them to the needs of the school” (Walker, 2000, p. 274)
      - “The principal also served as a model for the service attributes he sought to instill in children.” (Walker, 2000, p. 274)
    - - “Although their average education was below that of Whites in the 1920s, by the 1930s their levels were increasing to the point that by the end of the decade, only 6.8% of Negro high school teachers were more poorly prepared than their White counterparts in the South” (Walker, 2000, p. 266)
      - “teachers were "hard taskmasters" who gave lots of work, refused to lower the standards, and "if you didn't learn, you stayed after school as long as necessary to learn"” (Walker, 2000, p. 265)