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Unit4 Power, places and networks (4.3 Human and physical influences on…
Unit4 Power, places and networks
4.1Global interactions and global power
Globalization indices showing how countries participate in global interactions
the KOF Index of Globalization
Global superpowers and their economic, geopolitical and cultural influence
USA and China
Hard power
military
economic
Soft power
Culture
Education
powerful organizations and global groups
G8/G7
G20
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD)
OPEC
BRICS
IMF
4.2 Global networks and flows
An overview of contemporary global networks and flows
Global trade in materials, manufactured goods and services
four main components of international trade in services
Consumption abroad: tourism, study abroad, medical services
Commercial presence: banks operating in another country
Presence of individual people: doctors, engineers...
Cross-border trade: airlines flying between countries
International aid
The main donors of development aid are rich countries in North America and Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, while the main recipients are in poor countries.
International loans
While the IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) provides loans and assistance to mainly middle-income countries, the IDA(International Development Association) helps the world’s low-income countries.
Debt relief
The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) are the two main approaches to reducing debt in poor countries.
International remittances from economic migrants
Remittances increased from almost zero in 1990 to around US$100 billion in 2002, and then increased rapidly to about US$450 billion in 2017.
Illegal flows
There are many forms of illegal flows, such as trafficked people and narcotics.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and outsourcing by transnational corporations (TNCs)
The Tata group:
it comprises over 100 companies, encompassing cars and consulting, software and steel, tea and coffee, transport and power, chemicals and hotels. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is Asia’s largest software company.
Apple Inc
.:
For the manufacture of the iPhone, Apple has some 785 suppliers in over 230 countries worldwide—349 of them in China.
4.3 Human and physical influences on global interactions
political factors that affect global interactions
Multi-governmental organization(MGOs)
:
There were many
advantages
of this for investors, TNCs and nations, including:
• greater access to raw materials and natural resources
• access to new markets
• access to sources of cheap and/or skilled labour
• the ability to achieve competitive advantage through increased efficiency, greater productivity or cost reduction.
Free trade zones
Economic migration controls and rules
:
Illegal immigration to the USA refers to foreign nationals voluntarily residing in the country in violation of US immigration and nationality laws. Illegal immigration carries a civil penalty. Punishment can include fines, imprisonment and deportation.
Illegal migration over the
US–Mexico border
is concentrated around big border cities such as El Paso in Texas and San Diego in California, which have extensive border fencing and enhanced border patrols.
our “shrinking world” and the forces driving technological innovation
Changing global data flow patterns and trends
Digitization
allows the instantaneous exchange of virtual goods
However, unnecessary barriers to cross-border data flows create considerable obstacles to global trade.
Although more countries are participating in digital networks, global flows are concentrated among a comparatively
small number of users
.
Transports development over time
However, there are relatively few ports that can
accommodate these ships. Moreover, some canals may be too small— the
Panama Canal
is being widened so that it can allow ships of up to 12,000 TEUs to pass.
Some seas are too shallow to allow boats above
a certain size to pass—the
Straits of Malacca linking the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
is a good example.
The
advantages
are that more goods can be transported, and the larger size reduces the cost of transport per unit transported.
Patterns and trends in communication infrastructure and use
The digital economy is bringing new risks along with opportunities
The influence of the physical environment on global interactions
natural resource availability
The potentially limiting effect of geographic isolation, at varying scales
isolation from world market can be a big limiting factor
core-periphery
p165 example answer for paper2