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Topic 2 - Levels of Evidence, Part 2 : Observational Study Design (Little…
Topic 2 - Levels of Evidence, Part 2 : Observational Study Design (Little to no manipulation on variables)
Cohort
strengths - useful for determining prognosis, aetiology & risk; rare exposures; temporal sequencing; 1 exposure to multiple outcomes; indication of association & risk; lower recall bias; calculate incidence of outcome of interest
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Case-Control
strengths - long latency period diseases OK; cost-effective; for difficult follow-ups; assess multiple exposures
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weaknesses - rare exposures unsuitable; recall, reporting & selection bias; causation undertermine; risk ratio undertermined
Correlational
strengths - indicative relationship, calculable reliability & validity tools OK; stimulates further study
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relationship between 2 variables (IV & DV), confounding variables not controlled
Case Series
strengths - in-depth info of a small group; good internal validity; useful for naturally occurring phenomenon
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Case Studies
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in-depth study of 1 person/disease; quali/quanti methods mixed; no comparison; hypothesis generating
Tutorial
Grade of Recommendation - strength of evidence, reliability & validity of research
4 grades (A, B, C, D); A is the highest
level of consistency, evidence, generalisation & applicability
used to look at clinical expertise, client's values & external evidence
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