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SOUND CHANGES (PROTO-GERMANIC to WEST GERMANIC (2. UMLAUT 1 (North…
SOUND CHANGES
PROTO-GERMANIC to WEST GERMANIC
1. RHOTACISM
/s/ > /z/ > /r/
Conditioned sound change
North Germanic & West Germanic
2. UMLAUT 1
North Germanic & West Germanic
Conditioned sound change (certain environment)
Assimilatory sound change
Affected vowels (back, low and mid-back vowels)
A vowel undergoes a process of fronting or raising when followed by /i, ī j/ in the following syllable
Gmc /e/ > WestGmc /i/ / ___ /ī i/ or Nasal + Cons
3. GEMINATION
Only affected West Germanic
Doubling or lengthening of a consonant before a sonorant:
C > CC / ___ [+sonorant]
Sonorants
Semivowels /j, w/
Nasals
Liquids
WEST GERMANIC to OLD ENGLISH
4. LOSS OF A NASAL + COMPENSATORY VOWEL LENGTHENING
Affected all vowels
Loss of a nasal before voiceless fricative /f s θ h/ and lengthening of the preceding vowel
nasal > ø /__ [voiceless fricative] > vowel length
/a/ > /ō/
5. ANGLO-FRISIAN BRIGHTENING
Turn /ā/ into /æ/ except before nasals
WGmc /ā/ > OE /æ/ WGmc /ā/ + nasal > =
6. VOWEL BREAKING
Diphthongization of front vowels /æ e i ǣ ē ī/ to short /ea eo io ēa ēo īo/ when followed by /h r l/ + C
/æ/ > /ea/
/i/ > /io/
/ǣ/ > /ēa/
/ī/ > /īo/
/e/ >/eo/ / cluster lh
Distinguished from other Germanic languages because some sound changes
Verb TO BE in the past has rhotacism 'were' comes from PIE 'wēsum' > Gmc 'wēzun' > OE 'wæron'
/
/ h r l / + Cons