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Parkrun (Risks/Negatives of parkrun/running (the name parkrun can be…
Parkrun
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Why it's so successful
Bubbles Theory of Social Change; 'bubbles' of people are changed, rather than individuals, and then the individuals from those bubbles go on to create new bubbles. Each are autonomous, but associated to the original through the social network (Pitt, 2018)(Praszkier, 2011)
Pride/Achievement
Goals
Participants felt goals were flexible; since there was no rule on what the official purpose of parkrun was, they could set their own ones, increasing accessibility. Goals were set within and between runs, and lead to maintained motivation (Morris, 2018) (Wiltshire, 2018) :check:
Regular attendance and improvements in performance lead to feelings of achievement, which motivated regular attendance (Stevinson, 2015) # :check:
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Enables setting of goals that weren't previously thought to be attainable; ie marathons (Wiltshire, 2018) #(Sharman, 2018) :check:
Could lead to potential benefit from other sectors; ie mass sporting events, running clubs etc (Sharman, 2018) #
Collective group goal to 'finish', which encourages collective bodywork?; carrying individual desires to be physically active, as well as desires to provide and receive support in order to complete the group goal (Wiltshire, 2018) (and me)
A lack of predetermined outcomes and goals for the participants enables a bottom up approach, which caters more to the needs of the participants, allowing parkrun to develop organically
Setting of intrinsic, rather than extrinsic goals for physical activity (health and fitness vs appearance etc) were associated with greater achievement, and in turn greater post-event autonomous motivation in a non elite mass participation sports event (Coleman, 2017) #
Accomplishment
Attending produced a feeling of accomplishment (Morris, 2018) :check:
Parkrun achievements developed confidence to achieve in other parts of life (Morris, 2018) :check:
Grit
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Attributing success to effort rather than ability facilitates grit (Gilchrist, 2018) :Check:
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Perseverance and passion for one's goals; allows for continuing of tasks and forgoing of immediate rewards (Gilchrist, 2018)(Duckworth, 2007) :check:
The end of a behavioural experience contributes more to the global evaluation of it than during (Williams, 2008)
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Supportive environment (Cleland, 2019) :check:
likened it to being part of a family or church (Morris, 2018) :check:
participants felt acknowledged and valued (Morris, 2018) :Check:
participants seemed to genuinely invest in and care about others, leading to improved self-esteem and sense of worth (Morris, 2018) :check:
Non-judgemental 'vibe'; allowing for more self expression (Morris, 2018)
'created a sense of belonging and community' (Hindley, 2018) :Check:
Sense of community is increased in those who volunteer in a small scale sports event (Kerwin, 2015)
less able runners are actively made to feel included (Hindley, 2018)(Wiltshire, 2018)(Sharman, 2018) # :check:
comment on the majority of the sample's running experience; did this come from people who were supportive or supported?
'even loose ties with relative strangers were highly valued'(Wiltshire, 2017) :check:
Participants benefit from the physical and affective labour of others in a reciprocal context; which can be seen to give collective profits (Wiltshire, 2017) :Check:
What was received from other runners was 'instrumental in increasing confidence and motivation', developing a desire to pass the same on to others (Stevinson, 2015) :check:
Social exchange theory; 'much social behaviour is determined by a perceived balance of giving and taking' (Stevinson, 2015)(Homans, 1958) :check:
Identity and Purpose
Identified as 'runners' or part of community > someone with a mental health problem (Morris, 2018)
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Motivation and enjoyment were possibly increased by exercising around others, even if they didn't talk (Hindley, 2018) :check:
Running outdoors gives a valuable opportunity to connect to the happenings of the neighbourhood (Hitchings, 2017) :check:
'Getting exercise', 'social togetherness', 'enjoyment', and 'enhances wellbeing' were selected by a small sample of parkrunners as the most important characteristics of parkrun (Hindley, 2018) #
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Over half of the sample enjoyed being in a natural environment; increasing motivation to return (Stevinson, 2015) :check:
Self Efficacy Theory (Stevinson, 2015)(Bandura, 1997) # :check:
Requires aiding of goal setting, self monitoring of behaviour, and use of social support to maintain challenging behaviour (such as exercise) (Stevinson, 2015) # # :check:
parkrun seemed to result in greater self-efficacy for exercise in general (Sharman, 2018) :check:
is this due/related to an association with role identity? #
Higher self-efficacy was associated with participation (Cleland, 2019) :check:
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Creation of new social practices, rather than forgoing unhealthy pleasures (Wiltshire, 2018) :check:
Few examples of disease-informed participation; these are examples of determination to use exercise to attempt to refuse medicalised definitions of self by acceptance and belief in 'exercise as medicine' (Wiltshire, 2018)
It meets the behavioural insight's team's 'EAST' framework directly - Easy, Attractive, Social and Timely (Turocy, 2016) :check:
Parkun info
Values
Core values are: respectful, inclusive and accessible, socially impactful, collaboration (with partners to improve health and wellbeing), trustworthy (Cutforth, 2017) :check:
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Chief operating officer doesn't define it as a 'running event' (Cutforth, 2017) :check:
More than half parkrunners of all activity levels participated for more than a year (Haake, 2018) :check:
Partners/funding
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One participant mentioned how he favours the sponsors of parkrun (Stevinson, 2015)
Achieved global charity status in 2018, allowing for parkrunners and others alike that wanted to donate do so (Sinton-Hewitt, 2018)
In 2016, Little Stoke Parkrun was closed, as the council wanted to charge for use (Cutforth, 2017) :check:
City of Perth council also wanted to charge for use, but this didn't end up happening (Barry, 2017) :check:
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Adherence to parkrun for 12 months in one study was ~40%, compared to gym data of <4% (Stevinson, 2018)(Sperandei, 2016) :check:
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Creation of CONTRA clothing brand in 2018 for sports kit for those who don't fit into/aren't catered for by the sports clothing industry (and have been disillusioned as a result). Profits go to parkrun. Aim is to make exercise more accessible (Sinton-Hewitt, 2018) # :check:
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Evidence of almost a cult following; people incorporating it into their weddings (UK article)(AUS article) :check:
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Recreational runners
Majority of australian recreational runner sample avoided smoking (lower than general population) (Kozlovskaia, 2018)
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Parkrun related
Parkrunners
Eats breakfast more often than the general population (UK) (Reeves, 2017)
Better reported psychological wellbeing than general population (UK) (Reeves, 2017) :check:
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Less time watching TV than general population (UK) (Reeves, 2017) :check:
Self-selected sample :warning: # # # #
In a small opportunistic sample, the majority of parkrunners identified as regular runners, and the majority weren't affiliated with a club (Hindley, 2018)
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Identification of such allows reconciliation of ideas of 'unfit' or 'overweight' with the fact they run/take part in aspects of life associated with running (Wiltshire, 2018) :check:
Participation was associated with greater group identification (Stevens, 2019) :check:
Further encouraging the development of participants' social identities and group identity as 'parkrunners' could be an important target for promotion of parkrun
Parkrun tourism
Transforms parkrun into more of a serious leisure pursuit; further embedding the identity of a parkrunner (Sharman, 2018) :check:
Parkrun volunteering can be seen as a serious leisure endevour (Stebbins, 1996)
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Could be described as a 'light running community' (Hindley, 2018) :check:
Majority of members are there not for competing, rather health and social benefits :check:
At a parkrun, the terms 'competitive runner', 'recreational runner', 'club runner', 'regular runner', 'occasional runner' and 'non-runner' were used to describe running status (Hindley, 2018)
Identity Development
Despite not always consciously identifying with the identity of a 'runner', many engage in the symbolic and consumer aspects of running (Wiltshire, 2017) :check:
Evidence that parkrun allows participants to transition from an identity that would be uncomfortable doing physical activity; a 'non-runner' to a 'runner' or 'jogger' (Wiltshire, 2017)(Wiltshire, 2018):check:
Over a third of the sample reported a development into a 'runner' identity, leading to joining of running clubs or entering races (Stevinson, 2015) # :check:
The key determinants of physical activity self-definition are perceived ability and commitment; which are both indirectly fueled by enjoyment (Kendzierski, 2016) :check:
Very apprehensive to classify one's self as a runner, despite multiple aspects of life suggesting as such, due to own embodied subjectivities (Wiltshire, 2018)parkrun (Hitchings, 2017)non-parkrun :check:
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Majority of runners in parkrun sample don't belong to a running club (Hindley, 2018) :check:
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The idea of self categorisation involves desire to discover the meaning and align one's attittudes and behaviours with the group (Stevens, 2019)(Tuner, 1987) :check:
Runners who had a stronger identity as a member of their club were more likely to run with the group rather than alone, and would be less confident continuing running if the club disbanded (Stevens, 2019)(Strachan, 2012)
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Runner role identity was positively linked with self efficacy for running, and seemed to be negatively associated with the % of their runs done as part of the group (Strachan, 2012) :check:
Self-identification as a 'runner' could be the stepping stone to build the confidence and self efficacy to run on your own, and take part in more exercise outside of a more formal organised setting :check:
Runner group identity was associated with a higher percentage of runs being carried out with the group, and a maladaptive response to group disbandment - as oppose to an individual role identity showing an adaptive response (Strachan, 2012)
Perhaps aim for parkrun should be to focus on individual identity (maybe already does this with individual private results reporting).
Relationship between the two may be inevitable (Strachan, 2012), however efforts to shift the focus must be possible
Policy & Law
Turocy said that UK policy is going more towards a 'nudge' in the right direction policy (Turocy, 2016) :check:
This move could be seen as empowering people, rather than blaming them :check:
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PA Guidelines (Bull, 2010)
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Adult
150 mins moderate/week, spread out. Or 75 mins vigorous :check:
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Those who are least active and are increasing their PA, even if it doesn't meet guidelines, will still have health benefits
Elderly
150 mins moderate/week, spread out. Or 75 mins vigorous
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25% of adults in the UK are classed as inactive; has dropped by 0.4% in the last year; driven by a 1.5% reduction in inactivity in the 55-74 age group. (Defined by less than 30min a week) (Active Lives Adults 2018)
Comparing UK data to global data from 2012, UK inactivity was higher than the global average in 2012 (Hallal, 2012) :check:
'Sporting Future'
Focuses on physical wellbeing, mental wellbeing, individual development, social and community development and economic development; and provides investment to organisations that deliver on these (Sporting Future Report)
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The authors mentioned that one of the reasons PA and Inactivity has only recently become public health 'buzzwords' and it's own individual factor is that it's historically been commonly coupled with diet, despite the health benefits that can be gained irrespective of diet (Kohl, 2012)
Inactivity cost the world economy >67.5 billion dollars in 2013 (same as total GDP Costa Rica in 2013) (Ding, 2016) :check:
Sport England's investment programmes detailed in 'Towards an active nation' include tackling inactivity, children and young people, volunteering, taking sport and activity to mass market, supporting sport's core market, local delivery and facilities (Towards an Active Nation) :check:
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GPs
Vast majority of asthma, HT, deaf, diabetes, endometriosis, heart conditions and learning disability participants said they thought GPs and health practitioners should encourage people with their problem to take part (Quirk, 2018) :check:
Exercise prescription
less than 1/5th australians received PA advice (Kozlovskaia, 2018)(Short, 2016) :check:
Often focus too much on the individual, and not on the societal conditions when prescribed for mental health (Fullagar, 2018)
Wary about using the term 'prescribing'; should be normalising exercise, rather than medicalising it (Iacobucci, 2018) :check:
Tailored community interventions delivered face to face were the most effective in increase physical activity (Bock, 2014)
The most common barries to UK GPs in exercise prescription was lack of consultation time, PA not being relevant to consultation or belief that patients wouldn't follow GP advice (Lawlor, 1999) # :check:
Provides a track record for noticing deteriorating health; one runner took her deteriorating times along with ill health to doctor, leading to indepth investigation and correct diagnosis (Pitt, 2018)
Social prescribing
Reading Well teams up with local libraries to help patients understand condition - 89% prescribers say increased pt understanding and wellbeing, 83% say helped pts symptoms (Ogden, 2018)
One of the difficulties on measuring return on investment into a programme is measuring attendance, which can be done with barcode scanning in parkrun (Ogden, 2018)
Components of good social prescribing models (Ogden, 2018)
The 5 A's of preventative counselling: Ask, Assess, Advise, Assist, Arrange (Smith, 2008)
Parkrun Practices
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Scheme logically will reach those who are least active or have LTC (Iacobucci, 2018) :check:
63% surveyed healthcare professionals report that they perscribe parkrun in some form. The vast majority just verbally suggest it, but 8% that prescribe it actually accompany the patient to it (Turner, 2017) :check:
Motivations for prescribing parkrun were: to improve fitness (93%), improve mental wellbeing (78%), improve QoL (62%), increase self confidence (56%), improve self care (52%), to make friends (52%) (Turner, 2017) :Check:
One third of parkrun prescribers suggested volunterring, and 17% spectating (Turner, 2017) :check:
More than a third of GPs said the reason they didn't refer to parkrun was a lack of time in consultations, and some stated a lack of knowledge about parkrun (Turner, 2017) :check:
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Health Benefits
Weight Loss
more than/equal to 5kg or 5% baseline associated with health benefits such as reduced CV risk, T2DM and HT (Kozlovskaia, 2018)(Look AHEAD research group, 2010)(Neter, 2003)(Knowler, 2002) :check:
starting running may lead to clinically significant weight loss regardless of sex, participation in other sports, and injury in the previous 2 years (Kozlovskaia, 2018) :check:
The majority of survey respondents reported that parkrun had impacted their weight (Ozakinci, 2018) :check:
12 months after starting parkrun, average weight loss was 1.1%; overweight/obese group was 2.4% (Stevinson, 2018) :check:
64% of adults in the UK in 2017 were overweight or obese; 30% of children (Health Survey 2017) :check:
Psychological
Running can cause an increase in valence (positivity), that lasts onto the next day. The fitter the runner, the more the valence. Suggests long term affective adaptations to running (Bonham, 2018) :check:
Arousal was correlated with running on the day (Bonham, 2018) :check:
Volunteering
Volunteering (in general) is associated with improved mental health, and healthier lifestyles (Active Lives Adults 2018) :check:
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Volunteering (in general) is associated with better symptoms of depression, as well as physical health and life satisfaction (Morris, 2018)(Yeung, 2018) :check:
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Parkrun-specific
Most consistently, participants reported improved confidence and self worth (Morris, 2018) :check:
Parkrun was beneficial to mental health, reduced isolation, depression, anxiety, stress, increased confidence, and gave a space to think (Morris, 2018) CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY :check:
Happiness and stress reductions were maintained 12 months after starting parkrun (Stevinson, 2018) :check:
Participants that had baseline scores indicating possible depression's scores reduced from 11% to 7.9% (Stevinson, 2018)
Tension, depression and anger all decreased from pre- to post-run (Rogerson, 2016) :check:
Parkrun improved self esteem, stress and mood (Rogerson, 2016) :check:
The mental health benefits specifically may lead to improvements in well-being for women parkrunners (Grunseit, 2018)
Global wellbeing in a sample of australian parkrunners wasn't different from a sample population, except for the 55-64yr subgroup (Grunseit, 2018) :check:
Exercise-specific satisfaction was associated with group identification (Stevens, 2019) # #
Parkrun alone isn't associated with an increased life satisfaction (Stevens, 2019) :check:
(Sato, 2015) Suggested participation needs to be accompanied by an increase in weekly running mileage to achieve this :check:
For men specifically, the increase in social capital facilitated by parkrun may improve their personal wellbeing (Grunseit, 2018) #
Social Capital
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contributes to health inequalities (Wiltshire, 2017)(Verhaeghe, 2012)
Having social network with the working class was related to negative self-perceived health (Verhaeghe, 2012) # :Check:
A very strong predictor of being physically active (Stahl, 2001) :check:
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PA and volunteering are both associated with increased individual and community development, such as being able to meet self-set goals, perseverance and trusting people in the local area (Active Lives Adults 2018) (Active Lives Children 2018) :check:
Cultural Capital
Can be developed through social interactions in parkrun; mostly specific to running, but can include health and exercise (Wiltshire, 2017) :check:
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Distance running event can increase life satisfaction (Sato, 2015) :check:
Leisure engagement is associated with subjective well being (Kuykendal, 2015) :check:
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PA
PA increased 6 months after starting parkrun, and declined at 12 months. Increase was most pronounced in basline low-active individuals. The specific increase in weekly PA compares 'favourably' with other interventions specifically tasked to increase PA (Stevinson, 2018)(Lane, 2010) :check:
Increased proportion of running in participant's own PA regimen (Sharman, 2018) # :check:
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In global population terms, eliminating inactivity would cause a median gain of 0.68 years of life; when considering inactive people only, they'd gain 1.3-3.7 years after the age of 50 (Lee, 2012) :check:
Physical inactivity is responsible for 6-10% of major NCDs (Lee, 2012) :check:
Physical inactivity has a comparable risk of death to obesity or smoking (Lee, 2012) :check:
By using the average parkrun UK finishing time (28.5mins), one could expect to complete 19-38% of their weekly PA, depending on the intensity. Obviously the more unfit, the higher the % :check:
Since the distance stays static, parkrun is special as it provides the more unfit more of their weekly exercise requirement, and as they get more experienced, they would hopefully have the confidence to do more PA, so the reduction in time to complete would be balanced out
However, even low dose exercise below guidelines confers a significant health benefit (Hupin, 2015)(Wen, 2011), therefore any significant increase in PA should be seen as a success, even if it doesn't meet guidelines :check:
Benefits of parkrun were perceived more by participants that weren't regular runners initially, and attendance was correlated with benefits (Stevinson, 2014) :check:
Health and weight benefits are less powerful than the immediate benefits of parkrun (e.g. QoL) in motivating adherence (Stevinson, 2015) (Sharman, 2018) #
Green Exercise
Green exercise can lead to greater psychological benefits (Rogerson, 2016)(Coon, 2011) :check:
Inconclusive evidence for green vs indoor exercise - meta analysis (Lahart, 2019) :check:
Psychological benefits were consistent across a range of parkrun locations, with different natural features (Rogerson, 2016) :check:
No association found between environments and parkrun participation (Cleland, 2019) :check:
Running economy is better when there's an external focus, rather than internal (Schücker, 2016) :Check:
Leads to a lower perceived exertion vs indoor exercise (Lahart, 2019) :check:
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Similar Programs
Jogscotland
Inclusivity, social-contextual factors leading to feelings of competance and a combination of intrinsic and integrated regulation factors sustaining the activity lead to continued participation (Ozakinci, 2018)
Recreational running network, some are free
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people can volunteer to be a 'jogleader', might be a pt
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partnered with parkrun to develop an app; recording runs, scanning barcodes (jogscotland)
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RunTogether
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same as jogscotland; some are free, some cost
Run Wales
Partnership with parkrun to establish more parkruns in Wales (Run Wales)
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Great Run Local
Volunteer led, free weekly timed 2k and 5k events
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Initial parkrun
How they heard about it
For participants with LTC/disability, 55% word of mouth (Quirk, 2018)
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Some experienced some anxiety before attending the first one (Morris, 2018)
Quite high importance of having access to cultural capital related to health and physical activity in order to access (Wiltshire, 2017)
47% of initial runners identified themselves as 'regular runners' (Stevinson, 2014) :check:
Majority of registrants in one study weren't regular runners at baseline, however the vast majority met physical activity guidelines (Stevinson, 2018) :check:
In an australian study, non walkers/runners at baseline were associated with a higher baseline BMI, lower PA rates, poorer self reported health (Cleland, 2019)
'Need' and 'responsibility' for health were key themes used to rationalise taking part; and that parkrun can stimulate this, and 'carry' the desires (Wiltshire, 2018)
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