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Soul, Mind and Body (Aristotle (Disagreed with Plato, He thought that the…
Soul, Mind and Body
Aristotle
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He thought that the soul was a substance, meaning 'essence' or 'real thing'
The soul is the thing which gives a living thing essence, the capabilities of a living things constitute their souls.
The soul is not distinct from the body, it is the capacities that the body has to do whatever it is meant to do
The soul gives bodily matter its form, telos.
Aristotle gives the analogy of the shape made when soft wax is pressed with a stamp. The shape is inseparable from the wax, as soul is inseparable from the body.
Plato
Plato had a dualist understanding, he the saw the body and soul as two completely separate entities.
He thought that the soul had the capacity to leave the physical body after death, returning to the WOF.
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The soul is split into three parts, reason, appetite and emotion, the analogy of the two horses and the chariot explains this. The charioteer is reason, who guides appetite and emotion.
Rene Descartes
He could not be certain he had a body, but he could be certain that he had a mind because he was thinking with it.
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If the exsistence of the mind is certain but the existence of the body isn't then they cannot be the same.
He believed that the mind and body must be attached to each other, perhaps through the pineal gland, but he was hazy about how this worked.
Reductive Materialism
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Materialism does not allow for life and death. The death of the body necessities the death of the mind.
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Substance Dualism
This is the view that the mind and body are two distinct substances with two distinct sets of properties.
The body is material and has properties of extension. The mind/soul is immaterial and has properties of thought and emotion.
Allows for the belied in an afterlife, with either the soul or mind being able to live on after the physical death.
Gilbert Ryle
Ryle argues that the mind is not a distinct part of the body but is an aspect of the way the body behaves.
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There is no non-physical soul in the matter of the physical body. They are both the same entity and are not separate.
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Richard Dawkins
Dawkins argues that humans are entirely material, they are 'survival machines'.
He rejects the idea that we need to think of a supernatural soul if we are explaining what it means to be a human
Property Dualism
The view that there is only one kind of substance, which is matter, but that matter can have two distinct properties, physical and mental.
Emergent Materialsim
The view that more complex properties emerge from physical matter as it becomes more complex, the mind and body are different but not completely distinct.