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Steps in the research process (step 5: Choice of methodology and method,…
Steps in the research process
Step 1: statement of the problem *
Application: "Tobacco currently accounts for a global burden of over four million deaths each year , a figure projected to rise about 10 million deaths per year by 2030" and statistically proven 70% of deaths will occur in developing countries meaning that south Africa will be impacted.
Previous studies that were conducted only concluded with the risks of cigarettes in adults and early addictions on children in developed countries leaving a gap that is questionable in research.
Theory: The use of cigarettes among male and female grade 8-10 students of different ethnicity in south African school.
Step 2: Development of the research question
Theory: D swart, P reddy, R A C Ruiter and H de Vries developed a clear research question
Application: the above researchers developed/conducted a study with the following research question
"Do the majority of adult smokers in developed countries initiate the use of tobacco before the age of 18, during their adolescent years"?
what is the impact of international trends on children or young males and females from grade 8-10 of developing countries?
step 3: Relevant review of the literature
The university of Washington conducted a study on " children whose parents smoked are twice as likely to begin smoking between age 13-21 and of offsprings of none smokers" September 2005/ UW News
The guardian.com did a research on "Big tobacco targets the young in poor countries- with deadly consequences" http//theguraian.com/global-development/2015/dec/01/big-tobacco-targets-theyoung-in-poor-counries-smoking
''Smoking rate increasing in the developing world'' is a study conducted by Standford Medicine about the increasing number of smokers in 3rd world countries. scopeblog,stanford.edu/2012/08/22/smoking-rate-increasing-in-the-developing-world
Abbreviations used: GYTS, global youth tobacco survey; HPS, health promoting school; SADHS, south african demographic and health survey
step 4: Choice of theoretical approach
Theory: Positivism
Application: due to the nature of the study, the researchers decided to make use interpretivist methodology
step 5: Choice of methodology and method, selecting a sample
Theory: Quantitative data collection method was used
method of sampling: A two stage cluster sampling design was used to obtain a nationally representative sample students in grade 8,9 and 10 ranging fro 11-17 years, the first stage sampling frame consisted of all public schools containing any of grades 8, and 10. the second sampling stage consisted of systematic equal probability (random start) of classses from each school that participated the survey.
The sample consisted of 52.6% females and 47.4% males ranging from age 13-15 years old, while 42.9% of the sample were 16 years old and older.
A survey questionnaire was handed out to participants, the questionnaire consisted of 54 core questions, developed by the World Health Organaisation and the Centers for Disease Control, and 39 additional questions to take into account local tobacco using behaviour and psychosocial, cultural and contextual determinants.
In order to ensure face validity, the questions werepre-tested in the six languages that were provided.
A weighting factor was applied to each student record to adjust for non-response and varying probabilities of selecting grande and gender.
Step 6: Data analysis and interpretation
EPI information and SUDAAN, a software package for statistical analysis of correlated data, were usedcompute prevalence rates and 95% CIs did not overlap.
Analyses of variance and post-hoc Turkey HSD comparison were used to check for difference on average age between gender and race groups
Quantitative data collection methods were applied.
the school response rate was 76.9%, the students response rate was 85.5, and the national overall response rate was 65.7%
step 7: discussion and report writing
The results suggest that smoking among male and female adolescents needs to be addressed
special attention has to be paid to keeping the female smoking rate low, especially among black/African students as prevalence of current smoking among black/African female students is significantly lower than that for Black/African male students.
23% of grade 8-10 students nationally smoked cigarettes on one or more days in the past 30 preceding the survey, meaning that almost quarter of grade 8-10 were current users of cigarettes.
the research conducted is in article format that consisted of 5 pages.