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MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY (SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS…
MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Diabetes causes a number of changes to the body 'metabolism and blood circulation, which likely combine to produce excess reactive oxygen species
These changes damage the kidney glomeruli which leads to the hallmark feature of albumin in the urine. As diabetic nephropathy progresses, a structure in the glomeruli known as the glomerular filtration barrier is increasingly damaged.
Damage to the glomerular basement membrane allows proteins in the blood to leak through , leading to proteinuria.
High blood sugar, which leads to formation of advanced gkycation end products; and cytokines have also been implicated as mechanisms for the development of diabetic nephropathy.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Nocturia
tiredness
Headaches
general feeling of illness
nausea and vomiting
Lack of appetite
RISK FACTORS
Poor control of blood glucose
Uncontrolled high blood pressure
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, with onset before age 20
Past or current cigarette use
A family history of diabetic nephropathy
CAUSES
High bkood pressure
Diabetes types 1 and 2
Kidneys damage
Changes to the body's metabolism and blood circulation
Hypoxia
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDUR
Ultrasonography
ACE inhibitor
NURSING CARE PLAN
Statins are useful in reducing to progression of nephropathy
Nurses should teach the patients with diabetic nephropathy how to protected against renal disease
Aggressive blood pressure reduction is of vital importance in managing diabetic nephropathy
Nurses should educate the cleints about the importance of glycaemic control regarding progression of nephropathy
Improve renal function
Patients with nephropathy need to have their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels