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Chapter 18: Classification and Systematics (Cladistics (Understanding…
Chapter 18: Classification and Systematics
Concepts
phylogeny
systematics
nomenclature
natural system of classification
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
the most fundamental level of classification is the species
Monophyletic or Polyphyletic groups
Taxon is used to refer to any of the groups in a general way
Cladistics
a method of analyzing these phylogenetic evolutionary relationships
synapomorphies (homologous features)
homoplasies (analogous features)
Understanding Cladograms
is a diagram that shows evolutionary patterns by means of a series of branches
each point at which branch is called a node
common ancestor
apomorphy or ancestral condition
paraphyletic groups
uninformative
Cladograms and Taxonomic Categories
basal angiosperms
eudicots
Other Types of Classification Systems
Artificial Systems of Classification
which several key characters, often very easy to observe, are chosen as the basis of classification
Classification Systems for Fossils
Form Genera: all fossils with the same basic form or structure are classified together
Taxonomic Studies
type specimen, this is a single preserved plant that truly carries the name
isoypes; to prevent a recurrence of this disasterm other specimens, as similar as possible to the type specimen, are sent to many herbaria around the world
The Major Lines of Evolution
Grade Classification
Kingdom Plantae
Plants and People: Development of Concepts of Evolution and Classification
Scientific Names
Binomial system of nomenclature
inheritance of acquired characteristics
Botany and Beyond: Cacti as Examples of Evolutionary Diversification
cactus family is a large group that has undergone extensive evolutionary diversification, with the modification of many characters
many of the changes are easy to see and understand
Plants and People: Genealogy Versus Clades: Your Family History Is the Opposite of a Clade
Ancestral Group
genealogy
cladogram is just the opposite
Plants and People: Identifying Unknown Plants
either send to an expert or using a key
