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Reproductive System (Disorders of Reproductive System (Gonorrhea (female…
Reproductive System
Disorders of Reproductive System
Gonorrhea
can spread from mother to child
can spread to mouth, throat, and rectum
spread from close sexual contact
female symptoms
yellow/white discharge
burning/pain during urination
bleeding between periods
cramps in lower abdomen
nausea or fever
650,000 infected each year
male symptoms
yellow/white discharge
burning/pain when urinating
frequent urination
swollen testicles
Syphilis
spreads by direct contact
sores appear anywhere
caused by bacteria, can be cured with antibiotics in early stages
early symptoms: chancres
symptoms for years
later symptoms: fever, head, loss of appetite, brain damage
Chlamydia
caused by bacteria
can be cured with antibiotics
most common STD
male symptoms
burning/itching around urethral opening
pain and swelling in testicles
low grade fever due to inflammation of testes or epididymis
discharge from penis and burning from urination
4 million new cases each year
female symptoms
none
white/gray vaginal discharge or burning sensation during urination
lower pelvic or abdominal pain
bleeding between periods
low grade fever due to infection
Herpes
cannot be cured but can be treated with antibiotics
female symptoms: blisters in or around vagina
caused by virus
male symptoms: small sores or clusters on penis
Pubic lice/crabs
can be found in hair along with axilla, mustaches, and eyelashes
spread contact w/ lice and through bedding/clothing
caused by parasite
symptoms: itching
Genital/veneral warts
no cure but preventing vaccination
same symptoms for both genders
caused by human papilloma virus
associated with cervical cancer in females
20 million currently infected
symptoms: warts
Trichomoniasis
most common in women
can be mother to baby transmission
caused by tiny parasite
female symptoms:
itching and burning at vagina and vulva
painful frequent urination
heavy, unpleasant, frothy, greenish, yellow discharge
male symptoms:
none
discomfort in urethra or inflamed head of penis
Major Function
Reproduction: process by which new individuals (offspring) are produced
Functions in production of female gametes & prep. for support of developing embryo during pregnancy
Hormones of the Reproductive System
Female
LH & FSH: released by anterior pituitary gland in brain
Inhibin: decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
Luteinizing hormone: spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of most mature follicle
Estrogen: primary female sex hormone released by follicle
Follicle stimulating hormone: stimulates development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary
Progesterone: triggers suppression of hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone: released by hypothalamus in brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH & FSH
Male
LH & FSH: released by anterior pituitary gland in brain
Gonadotropin releasing hormone: released by hypotalamus in brain to stimulate another pituitary gland to release LH & FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone: at puberty stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
testosterone: stimulates reproductive organ development andd sex drive
Leutinizing hormone: stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
Anatomy of Male & Female Reproductive Structures
Male:
Ductus deferens: transports sperm from epididymis
Bulbourerthral gland: covering the glands
Testicle: produce gametes or sperm and secrete hormones
Foreskin: secretes prostate fluid
Seminal vesicle: major contributions to the production of semen
Epididymis: transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes
Female:
Mons pubis: fatty pad over pubis area
vagina: receives penis in sexual intercourse
Fallopian tube: receives the ovulated oocyte
Uterus: contains erectile tissue and corresponds to male penis
Clitoris: sensitive to being touched for sexual stimulation
Labia majora: outer fold
Labia minora: inner fold
Events of Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Ovulation:
triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating pituitary gland
Graafian gollicle releases oocyte
day 14
slight rise in progesterone before ovulation causes basal body temp. to rise 0.4-0.6F
Luteal Phase:
day 15-28
when follicle expels the oocyte, empty shell becomes corpus lutem
corpus lutem secretes progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin
in the absence of pregnancy, corpus lutem becomes corpus albicans causing decrease in progesterone and estrogen
if pregnancy occurs corpus lutem continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Follicular Phase:
day 1-14
beginning to ovulation
follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
only one follicle becomes Graafian follicle
Uterine/Menstrual Cycle:
Proliferative phase
day 6-14
estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of endometrium causing to double in thickness
thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
Menstruation
decline of estrogen and progesterone causes spiral arteries to contstrict and cells become ischemic and die and slough off or shed
bleeding lasts 3-5 days
day 1-5
Secretory phase
day 15-28
response to rising levels of progesterone by corpus lutem, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
if pregnancy does not occur toward the end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
progesterone levels drop following decline in LH leading into menstrual phase
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