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Reproductive System (major functions of the reproductive system (male…
Reproductive System
major functions of the reproductive system
reproduction- process by which new individuals of a species are produces
sexual reproduction- reproduction involving two parents, male and female
fertilization-fusion of egg and sperm produces a zygote
male
testes- primary sex organ
ductus system- delivery of male gamete
epidiymis
ductus deferens
urethra
accessory organ- secondary sex organs
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
female
ovaries-primary sex organs
ductus system-delivery of female gamete
uterine
uterus
vagina
external genitalia
monpubis
lubia
vestibule
clitoris
hormones of the reproductive system
male
leutinizing hormone- stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
follicle stimulating hormone- at puberty stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
both LH and FSH- released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
gonadotropin releasing hormone- released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
triggered by low levels of testostrone
controlled by negative feedback
testosterone- stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive
causes secondary sex characteristics
deepening of voice
increased hair growth
enlargement of skeletal muscles
thickening of bones
inhibin- released by the testes when high level of testosterone are present to release stimulate hypothalamus to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone to stop production of LH and FSH
female
gonadotropin releasing hormone- released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
luteinizing hormone- spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle
both LH and FSH- released by anterior pituitary gland int he brain
inhibin- decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
estrogen- primary female sex hormone released by follicle
low levels causes relesse of FSH
high levels causes release of LH and GnRH
thickening of uterin wall
anatomy of male and female reproductive structures
female
uterine tube
receive the ovulated oocyte
provide a site for fertilization
regions of uterine tube
infundibulum-open end is funnel shaped, not directly connect to ovary
fimbriae- finger-like projections at the distal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
uterus
receive a fertilized egg
retain the fertilized egg
nourishes the fertilized the egg
support for uterus
broad ligament- attached to the pelvis
round ligament- anchor interiorly
uterosacral ligament- anchored posteriorly
walls of uterus
endometrium
inner layer
myometrium
middle layer
perimetrium
outer layer
regions of uterus
body-main portion
fundus-area where uterine tube enters
cervix- narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
vagina
serves as birth canal
external genitalia
mons pubis- fatty pad overly the pubic area, covered by pubic hair after puberty
labia- skin folds around the vaginal opening
vestibule-enclosed by labia majora
clitoris- contains erectile tissue
mammary glands
found in both sexes but ceases to develop in males
male
seminal vesicle
produces a thick, alkaline, yellowish secretion
prostate gland
secrets a milky fluid that helps activate sperm
semen
milky white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands
bulbourethral gland
secrete an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation and lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation
urethra
carries both sperm and urine (organ of both reproductive and urinary system)
scrotum
divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testis
vas deferens
carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
penis
delivers semen into female reproductive tract
epididymis
functions to mature and store sperm cells
events of the female hormonal cycles (3)
reproductive cycle
typical cycle runs 24-35 days, 28 days on the average
ovarian cycle
follicular phase
day 1-14
FSH causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle
extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation
follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
ovulation
day 14
triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating pituitary gland
graafian follicle releases the oocyte
slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temp. to rise about 0.4-0.6 degrees
luteal phase
day 15-28
if pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
uterine cycle
menstruation
day 1-5
bleeding last for 3-5 days
decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed
proliferative phase
day 6-14
estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, causing it to double in thickness
thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
secretory phase
day 15-28
in response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
if pregnancy does not occur, towards the end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
disorders of the reproductive system
STD- sexually transmitted disease
chlamydia
std that inflicts cervix and penile urethra
scabies
skin disease caused by sacoptes scabiei
pubic lice
tiny insect that live in hair
genital warts
A small bump on the genitals caused by a common sexually transmitted infection
trichomoniasis
parasite causes vaginal inflammation
mycoplasma genitalium
type of bacteria that is sexually transmitted into the penis ands vagina
gonorrhea
infection caused by bacteria that affects the reproductive tract and mucous membranes
genital herpes
infection of skin on and around the genital area anus or mouth
aids
chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
syphilis
sores spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex