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Reproductive System (Male Reproductive System (Male Accessory Organ (Vas…

- - - - Tunica Albuginea- capsule surrounding the testes
      - Septa- extension of the capsule that extends into testis and divide it into lobules
    - - functions as sperm-producing factories
      - Sertoli cells- provides nutrients and supportive function
      - Tightly coiled structures
      - empty sperm into the rete testis
  - - - stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive, causes secondary sex characteristics: deepening of voice, increased hair growth, enlargement of skeletal muscles, and thinking of bones
    - - released by the testes when high levels of testosterone are present to release stimulate hypothalamus to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone to stop production of LH and FSH
    - - released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH, triggered by low levels of testosterone, and controlled by negative feed back
    - - released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
    - - at puberty stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
    - - stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
  - - - comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube, found on the superior part of the testis and also posterior lateral side, functions to mature and store sperm cells(at least 20 days), and expels sperm with the contraction of muscle of epididymis to the Vas Deferens
    - - carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct, passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder, moves sperm by peristalsis(forward movement), and ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra
      - Sperm cord
        
        made up ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
      - Vasectomy
        
        cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of testes to prevent transportation of sperm
    - - extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis(7-8 inches long), carries both sperm and urine(organ of both reproductive and urinary system), and sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
    - - milky white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands, typical ejaculation(ejection of semen) releases 2-5 mL, 20-100 million spermatozoa/mL of ejaculate, Alkalinity (pH 7.2-7.6), provide transport medium for sperm, and inhibits bacterial multiplication
    - - produces a thick, akaline, yellowish secretion(60% of volume of semen), located at the base of the urinary bladder, and contains fructose(sugar), vitamin C and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm
    - - secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm(allows for locomotion), encircles the upper part of the urethra, and shape of chestnut and makes up 25% of semen
    - - located at the base of the penis below the prostate, secrete an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation, and lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation, pre-ejaculate cleanses neutralizes the traces of acidic urine, and makes up 5% of semen
    - - divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes, maintains testes at 3 C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability, and regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability
    - - Regions of Penis
        
        Root
        
        attached to body wall
        
        Shaft(body)
        
        free, movable portion of penis, contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
        
        Glans Penis(enlarged tip)
        
        contains urethral opening
        
        Prepuce(foreskin)
        
        fold cuff of skin around proximal end and often removed in circumcision
      - Internal Structure of Penis
        
        pair of corpera cavernosa: surrounds blood vessels which contain most of the blood during erection
        
        corpora spongiosum surrounds the urethra
      - tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes, conducts urine to exteior, and delivers semen into female reproductive tract
- - - - Ovarian Ligament
        
        attach to uterus
      - Broad Ligaments
        
        encloses suspensory ligaments
      - Suspensory Ligaments
        
        secure ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
  - - - released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
    - - decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
    - - spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle
    - - primary female sex hormone released by follicle
    - - stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
    - - triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
    - - released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
  - - - receive the ovulated oocyte, provides a site for fertilization, fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube, and attached medially to the uterus
      - Regions of Uterine Tube
        
        Fimbriae: finger-like projections at the distal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
        
        cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus
        
        Infudibulum: open end is funnel-shaped, not directly connect to overy
    - - Located between the urinary bladder and rectum and hollow organ
      - Functions: receive a fertilized egg, retain the fertilized egg, and nourishes the fertilized the egg
      - Support for The Uterus
        
        Uterosacral Ligament
        
        anchored posteriorly
        
        Round Ligaments
        
        anchor interiorly
        
        Broad Ligaments
        
        attached to the pelvis
      - Regions of Uterus
        
        Body- main portion
        
        Cervix- narrow outlet that provides into the vagina or opening into the uterus
        
        Fundus- area where uterine tube enters
      - Walls of Uterus
        
        Perimetrium- outer visceral peritoneum(covering of abdominal organs)
        
        Myometrium- middle layer of smooth muscle
        
        Endometrium- inner layer, allows for implantation of a fertilized egg, and sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
    - - extends from cervix to exterior of body, behind bladder and in front of rectum, serves as birth canal, receives the penis during sexual intercourse
      - Hymen- partially closer to the vagina until it is reptured
    - - Labia- skin folds around the vaginal opening
        
        Labia Majora- outer fold
        
        Labia minora- inner fold
      - Vestibule- enclosed by labia majora, contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's gland(produce mucus)
      - Mons Pubis- fatty pad overly the pubis area, covered by pubic hair after puberty
      - Clitoris- contains erectile tissue and corresponds to the male penis
    - - found in both sexes but ceases to develop in males, modified sweat glands, responsible for milk production after birth by the hormone prolactin, milk exits through the nipple, and Areola is the colored portion surrounding the nipple
  - - - occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of the mature oocyte
      - Follicular Phase
        
        Day 1-14, extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation, FSH causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle, Follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle, and only one follicle become Graafian Follicle
      - Ovulation
        
        Day 14, triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland, Graafian follicle releases the oocyte, and slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6 F
      - Luteal Phase
        
        Day 15-28, when follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell becomes Corpus Luteum, Corpus Luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH, in the absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen, and if pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
    - - Proliferative Phase
        
        Day 6-14, Estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, causing it to double in thickness, and thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
      - Secretory Phase
        
        Day 15-28, in response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy, Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs, if pregnancy doesn't occur, towards the end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone, Progesterone levels drop following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase
      - Menstruation
        
        Day 1-5, Decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and sloughed off or shed, and bleeding last for 3-5 days
    - - tyipical cycle runs 24-35 days, 28 days on the average
- - - - Symptoms
        
        no symptoms until system is activated, fever, fatigue, swollen lymph node, weight loss, and opportunistic infections
    - - Symptoms
        
        warts look like tiny cauliflowers but they can be, may cause itching, brining but often don't cause pain, and warts may be not detected in female because they located internally
    - - Female Symptoms
        
        blisters in or around the vagina
      - Male Symptoms
        
        small sores or cluster of blisters on penis
  - - - Symptoms
        
        a terrible, persisting itching around area
    - - Female Symptoms
        
        itching and burning at the opening of vagina and vulua, painful frequent urination, heavy, unpleasant, frothy, greenish, yellow discharge
      - Male Symptoms
        
        no symptoms, or discomfort in urethra or inflamed head of penis
  - - - Male Symptoms
        
        discharge from the penis and or burning during urination, burning and itching around urethral opening of penis, pain and swelling in testicles, and low grade fever due to inflammation of testicles or epididymis
      - Female Symptoms
        
        No symptoms, white or grey vaginal discharge or burning during urination, lower pelvic or abdominal pain, bleeding between menstrual periods, and low grade fever due to infection as infection progresses
    - - Male Symptoms
        
        yellow or white drip/discharge from penis, burning/pain when urinating, frequent urination, and swollen testicles
      - Female Symptoms
        
        yellow/white discharge from vagina, may be burning/pain when urinating, bleeding between periods and heavier or more painful periods, cramps or pain in lower abdomen, and nausea or fever
    - - Early Symptoms
        
        painful sores at point of contact called chancres and chancres can turn to copper-colored skin rashes on hand and feet or cover entire body
      - Later Symptoms
        
        fever, headache, loss of appetite, symptoms disappear but bacterium remains in body and eventually travel to other organs including brain, eyes, heart etc., causing organ damage, and can lead to death in ten-thirty years due to heart attack or from brain damage