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ONCOLOGY (DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER (Excisional biopsy, Needle biopsy,…
ONCOLOGY
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pathophysiology
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Transformation occur due to damage or mutation of genetics material by physical,environmental,chemical,biologica or inherited factors.
Resulting in loss of normal cell regulation, characteristics and function.
The regulatory genes,proto-onogens and the anti oncogenes are the most affected,proto oncogenes are structural genes that dictate growth factors in relation to the synthesis of enzymes and proteins.
In cancer, differentiated body cells undergo changes in their genetic.
Staging and grading
Grading
Tumor grade is the description of a tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and tumor tissue look under microscope.
Metastases
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M1,M2,M3- Ascending degrees of metastases present this will include metastases to distant lymph nodes
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Tumour stage
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T1,T2,T3,T4 progressive increase in the size of the tumour
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Regional lymph nodes
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N1,N2,N3- Regional lymph nodes demonstrate increasing degrees of abnormalities
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