Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties (1919-1920) (The Treaty of Versailles:…
Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties (1919-1920)
Key Players in the Peace Treaties
USA, Britain, France, Italy and Japan
Japan joined in with the parts that were relevant to her
Disagreements
temporary walk out by Italy
Orlando, Italian Prime Minister, left the conference in April-May
because the USA and Britain rejected his claim to Fiume
threatened walk out by Japan
Japanese angered by everyone else's refusal to include a racial clause in the Leauge of Nation
Japan also angered by Woodrow Wilson's initial objections to Japan taking control of Germany's concession in China
Wilson gave in on the basis that Japan would one day restore Chinese sovereignty to Shandong
this decision to give Japan Shandong sparked demonstrations in China, the May Fourth Movement
China refused to sign TOV
Over Germany
final decision for Germany was a compromise, between:
Wilson's emphasis on ensuring Germany emerged stable
Clemenceau's desire to weaken Germany permanently
David Lloyd George was in the middle
The Anglo-American Guarantee for France
France was expecting Britain and the USA to sign the Anglo-American guarantee
neither did
The Treaty of Versailles: With Germany in June 1919
General
conference produced separate treaties for all the defeated powers - TOV was Germany's
presented to Germany on 7 May
Germany given 2 weeks to sign
extended by another week
scathing response from Germany returned
Allies made small modifications (e.g. wouldn't occupy the Rhineland for as long)
Germany allowed no further say and made to sign -
the dictated peace
Territory
Germany lost all her colonies in Africa, China and the Pacific
given as mandates to the Allied powers
some areas had plebiscites (votes) to decide if they wanted to remain in Germany
Germany lost 13% of her European territory
East Prussia
separated from the rest of Germany by the Polish corridor
Previous German citizens were now in Poland
Germany lost some of it's production - e.g. 48% of iron ore production
Forbade the unification of Germany with Austria (Anschluss)
War Guilt
Germany forced to admit her guilt for starting the war
article 231
widely believed by Germans that this was unfair - many other countries had stated the war (e.g. Russia mobilising)
Reparations
no reparations total was fixed at Versailles
precise figure of £6,600 million, followed in 1921 after further international discussion
Germany had been similarly harsh on Russia in Brest-Litovsk and on France in 1871
Military Restrictions
army limited to 100,000 volunteers
no air force
navy
only 6 battleships permitted
no submarines
ordered to surrender its entire battle fleet of warships
at Scapa Flow, Germany sunk her own ships rather than hand them over
no tanks or heavy artillery
demilitarisation of the Rhineland
it would also be occupied by allied forces for 15 years
Mandates
Intro
former colonies made into mandates
put under the protection of an allied power, who were responsible for the good government of the territory
the Mandates Commission (part of the League) administered this
idea of a mandate system was reached after considerable disagreement
many powers wanted to simply annex Germany's colonies
Woodrow Wilson insisted that the 14 points be followed
meant the League would administers
Jan Smuts of South Africa suggested the mandate system as a compromise
3 categories of mandates
reflect how socially developed the territory was
'A' Mandates
the most developed (e.g. Syria and other Turkish possessions)
given provisional independence but subject to allied administrative control
France got Syria
Britain got Mesopotamia and Palestine
'B' Mandates
mandate nations were administered by larger powers
these powers were subject to regulations put in place to protect the native peoples
most of these nations given independence in the 1960s
'C' Mandates
virtual annexation
e.g. Samoa, Namibia, etc.
The Middle Eastern Mandates
Transjordan
Britain gradually granted them independence through the 1920s and 1930s
formally given independence in 1946
Iraq
1930, Britain signed the
Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
with King Feisal
gave 25 years of military alliance
British airbases kept in Iraq
Syria and Lebanon
in 1936, France drafted treaties with both Syria and Lebanon
granting them independence on the basis that:
France would be consulted for foreign policy decisions
France would maintain military bases in these countries
didn't ratify the treaties until 1946 - after intense pressure by Britain
many British and French politicians saw these mandates as being identical to newly acquired colonies
many mandates were in the Middle East - seen by the Arabs as a thinly veiled take over
the only Arab country to be given independence was Saudi Arabia - under the rule of Sherif Hussein
in the rest, there were violent Arab protests in the British and French mandates
installed Hussein's sons as Amirs of Transjordan and Mesopotamia to appease the locals