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Unit 7: animal form and function (how do most animal breath (-As water…
Unit 7: animal
form and function
how do most animal breath
-As water passes over the thin walls of the gills, dissolved oxygen moves into the blood and travels to the fish's cells
-Insects do not breathe the same way that we do. Oxygen travels to insect tissues through tiny openings in the body walls called spiracles, and then through tiny blind-ended, air-filled tubes called tracheae.
-mammals just breath trough lungs.
-Tadpoles: they have primarily what we can call gills, these consist of thin membranes called lamellae, which take oxygen from the water where it enters the blood stream through the process of diffusion. Tadpoles can also rise to the surface and gulp oxygen from the air. As tadpoles mature the gills are absorbed by the body as other respiratory systems develop.
-Adult frog: When the frog is out of the water, mucus glands in the skin keep the frog moist, which helps absorb dissolved oxygen from the air. A frog may also breathe much like a human, by taking air in through their nostrils and down into their lungs.
Squids : The pattern in which squid move, pumping water through the mantle, is also how squid breathe. Most sea animals have visible gills, but squids do not possess gills like most fish do, instead they obtain oxygen through a pair of long 'gills' covered in leaflets called lamellae.
-Crayfish, like all large crustaceans, use gills to gather oxygen
-Animals need oxygen (O) to survive. ..... It's purpose is to bring oxygen into your body. One of the products of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide. Your respiratory system also helps your body get rid of that carbon dioxide.
Oxygen enters the lungs, then passes through the alveoli and into the blood.
Henry's law states that the amount of a specific gas that dissolves in a liquid is a function of its partial pressure. ... The partial pressure of oxygen is high in the alveoli and low in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. As a result, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the blood.
Climbers find difficulties because oxygen in high altitude is rare
gastrovascular
cavity functions in the distribution of substances throughout
the body, as well as in digestion
A circulatory system has three basic components: a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscularpump, the heart.
Circulatory systems are either open or closed.
open circulatory system,
fluid, called
hemolymph,
close circulatory system,
In a closed circulatory systemblood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the intersti
tial fluid
examples of vertebrate circulatory system organization.
Single circulation: fish
Double circulation: mammal
with distinct ventricles an atria
Double circulation: amphibian
with open heart, no separation between the ventricles.
the mamalian respiratory system circuit
the right ventricle pumps
blood to the lungs
the states for processing blood throught the body.
As the blood
flows through
capillary beds in the left and right lungs, it
loads O2
and unloads CO2
Oxygen-rich blood returns from
the lungs via the pulmonary veins to
the left atrium of the heart
Next, the oxygen-rich blood flows into
the heart’s
left ventricle, which pumps the oxygen-rich blood out to
body tissues through the systemic circuit
Blood leaves the
left ventricle via
the aorta, which conveys blood to arteries
leading throughout the body.
Then branches lead
to
capillary beds in the head and arms (forelimbs).
The
aorta then descends into the abdomen, supplying oxygen-
rich blood to arteries leading to
capillary beds in the
abdominal organs and legs (hind limbs)
All blood vessels contain a central lumen
(cavity) lined with an endothelium,
a single layer of flattened epithelial cells.
Blood, like all fluids, flows from areas of higher pressure to
areas of lower pressure.
Blood, like all fluids, flows from areas of higher pressure to
areas of lower pressure.
Organisms can be classified by how they obtain chemical
energy
autotroph : they are animals which obtain their food, (energy),by themselves
heterotroph:they are animals , or plants , wich obtains their food, by feeeding or other animals or pllants.
Like fishes, terrestrial vertebrates rely on ventilation to maintain
high O2
and low CO2
concentrations at the gas exchange
surface. The process that ventilates lungs is breathing, the
An amphibian such as a frog ventilates its lungs by positive
pressure breathing, inflating the lungs with forced airflow.
Inhalation begins when muscles lower the floor of an
An animal can maintain water balance in two ways. One is to
be an osmoconformer: to be isoosmotic with its surround-
ings. All osmoconformers are marine animals. Because an
osmoconformer’s internal osmolarity is the same as that of
its environment, there is no tendency to gain or lose water.
Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. Their osmolarity
is the same as that of seawater. Therefore, they face
no
substantial challenges in water balance. Nevertheless,
they
actively transport specific
solutes that establish levels in
The osmoregulatory problems of freshwater animals are
the opposite of those of marine animals. The body fluids of
freshwater animals must be hyperosmotic because animal
cells cannot tolerate salt concentrations as low as that of
despite these other adaptations, most terrestrial animals
lose water through many routes: in urine and feces,
an adaptation
called anhydrobiosis (“life without water”)helps certain kind of animals who live in tempory water to resist extreme conditions without water.
Whether an animal lives on land, in salt water, or in fresh
water, water balance depends on the regulation of solute movement
between internal fluids and the external environment.
The
overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal—
its bioenergetics
The sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time
interval is called its metabolic rate
A major adaptation that enables animals to save energy in the face of such difficult conditions is torpor
essential nutrients, substances that an animal requires
but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules