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harvesting energy (fermentation (aerobic respiration (happens…

- - - - mitochondrion
  - - - bacteria
  - - - food and industry
        
        yogurt
        
        bread
        
        wine
        
        biofuels
      - human muscle cells make ATP
  - - - regenerate NAD+
  - - - two steps
        
        1st step
        
        release CO2 from pyruvate
        
        2nd step
        
        acetaldehyde
        
        reduced by
        
        NAD+ to ethanol
      - regenerates
        
        NAD+
        
        needed
        
        continuation of glycolysis
- - - - mitochondria
  - - - Krebs cycle
        
        Electron transport system(electron transport chain)
        
        Reactants
        
        10 NADH, 2 FADH2
        
        Products
        
        up to 34 ATP
        
        happens
        
        mitochondria
        
        inside the inner membrane
        
        folds for more surface area
        
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        proteins
        
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        requires oxygen
        
        redox reactions
        
        oxidation
        
        reduction
        
        reducing agent
        
        oxidizing agent
        
        chemiosmosis
        
        doesn't happen if
        
        electrons don't pass down the chain
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
        
        other names
        
        citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle
        
        happens
        
        mitochondrial matrix
        
        requires no oxygen
        
        reactants
        
        2Acetyl CoA
        
        Products
        
        4 Co2 and 2 ATP,6 NADH ,2FADH
        
        NADH and FADH2
        
        move to electron transport system
        
        pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
      - does not require oxygen
      - happens in the cytoplasm
        
        outside of the mitochondria
      - degration process
        
        breaks two glucose molecules
        
        pyruvate
        
        3 carbons long
        
        2 pyravic acid and 2ATP come out
        
        reaction
        
        transition reaction
        
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      - NADH
        
        go to electron transport system
      - reactants
        
        1 Glucose,2 ATP
        
        Products 2pyruvate, 4 ATP, NADH
- - - - ATP
        
        contains
        
        sugar ribose
        
        phosphate group
        
        nitrogenous base adenine
        
        hydrolysis (H2O)
        
        yields ADP/ inorganic phosphate
        
        releases
        
        energy
        
        equation
        
        ATP+H2O---->ADP+Pi
        
        performs work
        
        uses coupling
        
        chemical
        
        a) Glutamic acid conversion to glutamine
        
        b) conversion reaction coupled with ATP hydrolysis
        
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        breaks
        
        phosphate group bonds
        
        produces
        
        adenosine diphosphate
        
        drives mechanical
        
        ATP binds
        
        motor proteins
        
        both hydrolyzed
        
        causes
        
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        ATP---> vesicle+motor protein---> cytoskeletal track+protein/vesicle moved--> ADP+P
        
        drives transport
        
        ATP phosphorylate
        
        transports
        
        proteins
        
        causes
        
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        ATP-> transport protein->solute--> ADP + P
        
        regeneration
        
        example
        
        muscle cell recycles pool of ATP
        
        time
        
        less than a minute
        
        happens
        
        addition of phosphate
        
        where
        
        ADP
        
        equation
        
        ADP+P----> ATP+H2O
        
        ATP cycle
        
        shuttling
        
        inorganic phosphate and energy
- - - - catabolic
      - anabolic
      - bioenergetics
        
        energy
        
        kinetic
        
        thermal
        
        heat
        
        potential
        
        chemical
        
        transformation
        
        thermodynamics
        
        1st law
        
        2nd law
        
        entropy
        
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        free energy
        
        free energy change
        
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        losing during initial and final state
        
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        free energy of activation
        
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        rich molecules
        
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      - metabolic control
        
        feedback inhibition
    - - equalibrium
    - - no equalibrium
      - example
        
        cellular respiration
        
        triangle G< 0
        
        hydroelectric system
        
        triangle G<0 ,triangle G<0, triangleG<0
    - - enzyme
        
        macromolecule
        
        acts
        
        catalysts
        
        catalyzes
        
        lowering Ea barrier
        
        the forward or reverse reaction
        
        hows it speeds up?
        
        1) heat temperature denatures proteins and kills cells
        
        2) heat would speed up reactions
        
        can't change
        
        triangle G
        
        reactant
        
        enzyme substrate
        
        binds
        
        substrate
        
        form
        
        enzyme-substrate complex
        
        substrates (two or more reactants)
        
        surface
        
        pocket or groove
        
        active site
        
        formed by
        
        few amino acids
        
        catalysis
        
        weak bonds
        
        formed
        
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        weak interactions
        
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        environmental factors
        
        temperature
        
        pH
        
        non protein helpers
        
        cofacters
        
        perform
        
        chemical processes
        
        example
        
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        catalytic activity
        
        inorganic
        
        examples
        
        iron
        
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        copper
        
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        zinc
        
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        organic
        
        coenzyme
        
        enzyme inhibitors
        
        types
        
        non competitive inhibitors
        
        allosteric regulation
        
        forms
        
        2 more items...
        
        competitive inhibitors
        
        normal binding
        
        location
        
        mitochondrion
        
        matrix
        
        third stage of cellular respiration
        
        inner membrane
      - are reversable