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cellular respiration (Aerobic Transition reaction (pyruvate from the…
cellular respiration
Aerobic Transition reaction
pyruvate from the glycolysis is oxidized
takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
in the cytosol of prokaryotes
it forms acetyl-CoA & CO2
in the process by pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex
For each pyruvate, 3 molecules of ATP are formed
krebs cycle
acetyl- CoA get oxydized to co2
reduces NAD to NADH
involves 8 different enzymes in a 8 step process
acetyl CoA changes into citrate, isocitrate, etc, into oxaloacetate
produces NADH, FADH, and GTP
it also produces waste products H2O and CO2
in eukaryotes it occurs in the mitochondria
Aerobic cellular respiration
produced energy required for various functions of a cell
uses the end product of glycolysis
TCA cycle to producce more energy
Form of ATP that can be obtained from any anaerobic pathway
Takes place in the cytoplasm
2 molecules of pyruvate form
one molecule of glucose is broken down
Energy is released in the form of ATP & NADH
glycolysis
forms one molecule of glucose and is broken down
Electron Transport chain
NADH & electron donors will reaact with each other
transfer H+ ions
uses ADP and succinate
end products are NAD+, fumarate, H2O, & ATP
enzyme complexes are involved
ATP synthetase
Takes place in the mitochondria
Anaerobic cellular respiration
alcoholic fermentation
produces sugars that produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as a side effect
untapped and is wasted
fermentation of sugars by yeast is used in alcohol
glycolysis
Net amount of 2 molecules of ATP
No oxygen
Reduction of pyruvate into lactate
does not yield any energy
exergonic environment
Lactic acid fermentation
Glucose & 6 carbon sugars
cellular energy and matabolite lactate
oxygen is not available
available in low quantities
oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor
creates a maximum of 2 ATP
final acceptor is pyruvate or acetaldehyde
occurs in some bacteria and animal cells; in muscle cells
produced & accumulates until muscles cannot work
Enzyme active site
effects of temperature and pH
each enzyme works better under some conditions
to a certain point an enzymatic reaction increases with increasing temperatures
substrates collide with active sites
above temperature; enzymatic reaction drops rapidly
thermal agitation of the enzyme molecule disrupts bonds
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and other weak interactions
substrate is held in the active site by weak interactions
hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds
few amino acids of the R group make the active site catalyze
product departs from the active site
enzyme is then free
another substrate is taken into its active site
acts on about 1,000 substrate molecules per second
some enzymes are faster