Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Characteristics of…

- - - - their origin from green algae
      - adaptation to terrestrial habitats
      - vascular xylem and phloem developments
      - origin of seeds, leaves, woody growth
    - - nonvascular plants
        
        :red_cross:vascular tissues :red_cross:seeds
        
        often called bryophytes
        
        arose first
        
        some later member - ancestors of vascular
      - vascular cryptogams
        
        :check: vascular tissues, :red_cross:seeds
        
        clubmosses, scouring rushes, ferns
        
        made feasible
        
        evolution of truly heterotrophic tissues
        
        roots, meristems, organ primordia
        
        especially phloem
      - spermatophytes
        
        :check: both
        
        Cycads, conifers, angiosperms
  - - - began to adapt to living on land
      - evolved to survive drying of their streams
    - - continue active metabolism
    - - low surface to volume ratio
      - retained water better
- - - - ubiquitous
      - occur in all parts of world
      - in almost all environment
      - perennial
        
        thrive in many places within cities
        
        Tortula on walls
        
        Mnium on soil
    - - leafy stems
        
        aka gametophores
        
        grow close together
        
        tightly appressed + forms dense mounds
      - all moss stems
        
        have leaves
        
        not homologous with those of vascular plants
        
        gametophores
        
        grow from apical meristem
        
        contain prominent cell
        
        derivative cell subdivide
        
        stem tissues
        
        2 more items...
        
        leaves in rather precise arrangements
        
        2 more items...
    - - innermost cortex
        
        hydroids
        
        conduct water and dissolved minerals
        
        elongated cells
        
        lose their cytoplasm when mature
        
        end walls - partially digested
        
        not removed entirely
        
        aligned w/ those above and below it
        
        leptoids
        
        species w/ hydroids also have
        
        resemble sieve cells
        
        elongated
        
        prominent interconnections
        
        lack nuclei at maturity
        
        retain cytoplsm
    - - growth begins
        
        when spore germinates
        
        and send out long, slender chlorophyllous cell
        
        undergo mitosis
        
        produce a branched system of similar cells
        
        protonema
        
        numerous small chloroplasts
        
        resembles filamentous green algae
    - - gametangia
      - mosses - oogamous
        
        biflagellate sperm cells + large nonmotile egg cells
        
        sperm - produced in microgametangia
        
        antherida
  - - - small size
      - lack of conducting tisues
    - - thin incomplete cuticle
        
        if exposed to dry air for even a minute
        
        plant drys out
- - - - frequently mistaken to be mosses or liverworts
  - - - true parenchyma derived by 3D growth
        
        usually from apical meristems
  - - - sporophytes
        
        large plants w/ leaves/roots
      - gametophyte
        
        tiny
        
        inside pollen grain and ovules
- - - - leafy liverworts
        
        orders Jungermannials and Haplomitriales
        
        resembles those of moss
        
        thin leaves on a slender stem
        
        2 rounded lobes w/ no midrib
        
        no conducting tissue
      - thallose liverworts
      - gametophyte initiated when
        
        spores germinate
        
        establish small, temporary protonematal phase
      - liverwort protonemata
        
        never as extensive or ramified
        
        or as long lived as those of mosses
  - - - two groups are quite distinct
        
        most have a foot, seta, calyptra covered sporangium
        
        seta is delicate
        
        clear, thin-walled cells
        
        collapses quickly
        
        sporangium
        
        do not undergo meiosis
        
        differentiate into elaters
- - - - does not encounter them often
    - - roadside cuts
      - stable eroded soil in shade
    - - 5-6 genera
      - Anthoceros + Phaeoceros
        
        most common
  - - - at least along the edge
      - in center
        
        4+ cells thick
      - upper surface
        
        in many - smooth
        
        in many
        
        thin, chlorophyllous lamellae grow upward
    - - parenchymaous
        
        rather succulent but brittle
        
        doesn't tolerate drying
        
        typically lives for less than 1 year in temperate climates
        
        act as winter annuals
        
        growing in winter
        
        producing sporophytes in the spring
        
        dying before summer
- - - - retained by gametophyte
      - typically 6 cells other than egg
    - - supplied by the grandparent generation
        
        sporophyte
        
        endosperm formation
  - - - never free living
  - - - stomata at least on the base
        
        pf sporangium