Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Motivation and Emotion (Emotion (Physiology of Emotion (Sympathetic…

- - - - Power is not about reaching a goal but about having control over other people.
      - People high in this need would want to have influence over others and make an impact on them.
    - - people high in this need seek to be liked by others and to be held in high regard by those around them.
    - - involves a strong desire to succeed in attain- ing goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.
- - - - a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from the person (Ryan & Deci, 2000).
    - - is the type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner.
  - - - are those that involve survival needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
    - - are those that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval, or the need of recent former smokers to have something to put in their mouths.
- - - - performance is related to arousal
      - Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high
      - Effect varies with the difficulty of the task
        
        Easy tasks require a high-moderate level
        
        More difficult tasks require a low-moderate level
    - - one who needs more arousal than the average person
  - - - Explains behavior as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
      - Shifts focus from internal “pushes” to external “pulls”
    - - Hunger motivates eating by making food more attractive
        
        Hungry people rate a sugar solution as more pleasant
      - Excessive heat makes cold things more appealing
        
        People who are warm consider cool water to be more pleasant
- - - - Physiological →safety →love/belonging →esteem →cognitive →aesthetic →self-actualization
    - - point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
      - Peak experiences
        
        times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
      - Transcendence
        
        search for spiritual meaning beyond one’s immediate self
        
        Added to original theory much later
  - - - Competence: need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one’s life
      - Relatedness: need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
      - Autonomy: need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goals (i.e. self-determination)
    - - Supportive environment increases intrinsic motivation
- - - - Glucagon: increases level of glucose in bloodstream
      - Leptin: signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food
        
        Reduces appetite
        
        Increases the feeling of being full
      - Insulin: reduces level of glucose in bloodstream
    - - Lateral hypothalamus (LH): starts the eating responses when insulin increases
      - Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH): stops the eating response when glucose increases
    - - weight set point
        
        Some researchers (Leibel et al., 1995; Nisbett, 1972) believe that the hypothalamus affects the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain
      - basal metabolic rate (BMR)
        
        The rate at which the body burns energy when a person is resting
  - - - Sometimes rude to refuse food
    - - Men and women may start/stop eating for different reasons
    - - Always room for dessert
    - - Escape from unpleasantness
      - Insulin can increase before food is eaten
    - - Regular meal times
- - - - Often measured by body mass index (BMI)
      - Weight is NOT a particularly good indicator of health
- - - - Example: heart beating fast, sweating
    - - Example: eyes and mouth opening wide
    - - Example: I’m scared!
  - - - Some emotions produce similar physiological responses
        
        Anger / fear →increased heart rate, more rapid breathing
      - Others produce different physiological responses
        
        Disgust →high increases in skin conductance
        
        Happiness →less change in skin conductance
      - Responsible for aspects of physiological arousal
    - - Based on assumption that lying and telling the truth produce different physiological response
      - ONLY detects physiological correlates of emotion
        
        Not admissible evidence of innocence/guilt in US courtrooms
    - - Seems to be necessary for fear conditioning
      - Two roads to amygdala for emotional stimuli
        
        “Low road” –faster but more crude (subcortical)
        
        “High road” –slower but more involved (cortical)
      - Complex structure
        
        Many different nuclei and subdivisions
    - - Left frontal lobe: associated with positive emotions
      - Right frontal lobe: associated with negative emotions
- - - - Stimulus →physiological response →interpretation / labeling of an emotion
    - - Stimulus →brain activity →physiological response AND interpretation of emotion
    - - Stimulus →experience of an emotion →physiological response
  - - - Stimulus →physiological response AND cognitive labeling of arousal →experience of emotion
    - - Stimulus →immediate cognitive appraisal →emotional response →physiological response
    - - Feedback causes/intensifies emotions
      - Facial expressions provide feedback to brain