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Metabolism and Cellular Respiration (Aerobic Cellular Respiration (Krebs…
Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Krebs Cycle
Step 3 in Aerobic cellular respiration
Reactants:
2 Acetyl CoA
6 NAD+ from ETS
2 ADP + 2P
2 FAD from ETS
uses the two molecules of pyruvic acid formed and yields high-energy molecules of NADH and FADH 2, as well as some ATP.
Products:
4 CO2
6 NADH go to ETS
2 FADH2 go to ETS
2 ATP
Location: mitochondrial matrix / Oxygen: no
Transition Reaction
Reactants:
2 pyruvic acid
2 NAD+ from ETS
2 Coenzyme A
Products:
2CO2
2NADH-go to ETS
2 Acetyl CoA
Location-cytoplasm-mitochondria
Oxygen requirement-no oxygen required
Second step in aerobic cellular respiration
converts two molecules of pyruvate into 1 CO2 and 2 acetyl coA
Glycolysis
step 1 in aerobic cellular respiration
Reactants:
1 glucose
2NAD+ from ETS
2ADP + 2P
breaks down glucose into two pyruvate
Products:
2 ATP
2 pyruvic acid
2 NADH go to ETS
2H +
Location: right outside mitochondria / Requires Oxygen: No
Electron Transport Chain
4th and final step in aerobic cellular respiration
series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane that generates ATP
Reactants:
10 NADH
2 FADH2
O2
H+
ADP, P
Location-inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxygen requirement- yes
Products:
H2O
32 or 34 ATP
NAD+
FAD
Metabolism
Free Energy
G=Ginitial-Gfinal
the portion of a systems energy that can be used for work
G = H – TS
If free energy is negative, spontaneous reactions can occure
Enzymes
enzymes lower the activation energy, the free energy of activation in a chemical reaction
Organisms use enzymes instead of heat to speed up their reactions
Macromolecule that acts as a catalyst in a chemical reaction
Metabolic Process
the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
exergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings
exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy
Thermodynamics
Second Law: energy manipulation raises the entropy of the universe
Metabolic processes are chemical reactions and these often involve generation of heat, so the laws of thermodynamics apply
First Law: All energy in the universe can only be manipulated, none can be created or destroyed
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Alcohol Fermentation
NAD+ is recycled to keep the process going
Yeast to wine
Yeast to bread
Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate, pyruvate is converted into ethanol
Aerobic vs Anaerobic
All the steps are the same as they are in aerobic cellular respiration up to the ETC because that requires oxygen
Makes way less ATP than aerobic cellular respiration
Fermentation and anaerobic cellular respiration enable cells to produce ATP without oxygen
Lactic Acid Fermentation
NAD+ is recycled to keep the process going
Bacteria to cheese Bacteria to yogurt
Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate, pyruvate is converted into ethanol
Photosynthesis
conversion of light energy into chemical energy via chloroplast
nourishes almost the entire living world directly or indirectly
Location: plants chloroplast / Oxygen required
Autotrophs are self feeders, such as photosynthetic organisms