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Chapter 8-9 (cellular respiration (steps (Glycolysis (transition reaction)…

- - - - One glucose molecule-----36 or 38 ATP
  - - - transition reaction
        
        occurs in the cytoplasm near mitochondria
        
        does not require oxygen
        
        reactants
        
        1 glucose
        2NAD+ from ETS
        2ADP + 2P
        
        products
        
        2 ATP
        2 pyruvic acid
        2 NADH go to ETS
        2H +
        
        cytoplasm-mitochondria
        
        no oxygen required
        
        Reactants
        
        2 pyruvic acid
        2 NAD+ from ETS
        2 Coenzyme A
        
        Products
        
        2CO2
        2NADH-go to ETS
        2 Acetyl CoA
    - - mitochondrial matrix
        
        no oxygen
        
        reactants
        
        2 Acetyl CoA
        6 NAD+ from ETS
        2 ADP + 2P
        2 FAD from ETS
        
        products
        
        4 CO2
        6 NADH go to ETS
        2 FADH2 go to ETS
        2 ATP
    - - inner mitochondrial membrane
        
        aerobic
        
        reactants
        
        10 NADH
        2 FADH2
        O2
        H+
        ADP, P
        
        products
        
        H2O
        32 or 34 ATP
        NAD+
        FAD
  - - - responsable for the gratest production of ATP
- - - - energy coupling
        
        the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
- - - - begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
        
        feedback inhibition
        
        the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
      - each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
    - - release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
      - exergonic
        
        release energy and spontaneous
    - - consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
      - bioenergetics
        
        study of how energy flows through living organisms
      - endergonic
        
        input energyand non spontaneous
- - - - kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms and molecules
      - Heat
        
        thermal energy transfer between objects
      - activation energy
    - - energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
    - - associated with motion
    - - potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
- - - - first law
        
        the energy of the universe is constant
        
        also calledprinciple of conservation of energy
      - second law
        
        Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
        
        entropy
        
        measure of randomness
        
        spontaneous processes
        
        occur without energy input
        
        it must increase the entropy of the universe
        
        Processes that decrease entropy are nonspontaneous
      - free energy change
        
        energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell
        
        tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
        
        ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
        
        change in entropy (ΔS)
        
        temperature in Kelvin units (T)
        
        change in total energy (ΔH)
        
        ΔG is negative for all spontaneous processes
        
        zero or positive ΔG are never spontaneous
- - - - substrate
        
        enzyme-substrate complex
      - active site
        
        induced fit
      - cofactors
        
        non protein enzyme helpers
        
        coenzyme
      - Inhibitors
        
        competitive
        
        bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate
        
        non competitive
        
        bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective
      - Allosteric regulation
        
        may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity
        
        cooperativity
        
        allosteric because binding by a substrate to one active site affects catalysis in a different active site