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Play & Pretence (Definitions (Bourcher & Davis (2002) (Need…

- - - - Role of context + emotional involvement in pretence
      - Pretence continuum account
      - Transmigration + availability hyp
    - - Context
      - Affect
      - Empirical evidence of reality
      - IDs
      - Cog avaliability
- - - - Haight et al (1999)
      - Existence - seen in every culture
      - Age of emergence - between 18-24mnths around the world
      - Object substitution
      - Occurrence in social context - not often done alone
      - Regardless of modelling/encouraging
    - - Amount
        
        Japan vs US
        
        J = high + encouraged - correlates with mothers involvement
        
        Differ on values + availability of toys
        
        US/Turkey (more) vs Mexico/Guatemala/India
        
        Mayan - seen to have least
      - Topics/Themes
        
        Haight et al (1999)
        
        Irish american vs Chinese families
        
        Universal
        
        Use of objects
        
        Predominantly social nature of PP
        
        Culturally variable
        
        Centrality of objects
        
        Participation of specific play partners
        
        Extent of child initiations of social PP with CG
        
        Functions of social PP interaction
        
        Specific themes
        
        Developmental
        
        Proportion of play initiated by child
        
        Partner initiations elaborated upon by child
        
        CGs use of PP initiations to serve other non-play function
        
        Dimensions interaction differently in different communities - distinct developmental pathways
      - Parental attitudes & engagement
        
        Fun + valued = more engagement
        
        Increased frequency + complexity
        
        Existence = universal but amount/themes are culturally different
  - - - Effects of age
        
        Younger = confused about differences
        
        Age 4 vs. 3
        
        DeLoache & Plaetzer (1985)
        
        15-30 mnths
        
        Pretend tea party + spill tea
        
        This age request to clean taken as real
      - Insufficient knowledge
        
        Not much knowledge about the real world - confound of age
        
        E.g. Reality TV
        
        Difficulty distinguishing until 4yrs - Outside everyday sphere
        
        Cartoon events seen to be more fantastical - by 4 can tell if things in cartoon could/not happen in real life
      - Appearance-Realty Distinction
        
        E.g. Rock vs sponge
        
        Likely to make mistakes > 4yrs = correct
        
        Better performance w/ pretend-real question than apparent-real question
        
        Inhibitory control
      - Supernatural Entities
        
        Santa,, Tooth fairy
        
        Witches, ghosts
        
        Difficulty differentiating real from fake
        
        Intentional deception
      - Scary Pretence Episodes
        
        Scary = more difficult to differentiate
        
        Creature inside box - avoid box even though can't see/fictitious monster
        
        Non-scary item in box
        
        Physiological reaction
        
        Source monitoring
  - - - Adult pretence: More smiling & looking (pretend vs real snack)
      - 'Silly' interpretation
    - - 18+ mnths
      - Hammering - pretend hammer so pass hammer
      - Drying 'wet' pig
    - - Taking others views into account
      - Perspetive-taking also correlated only w/ social pretend play
    - - Take on mental states of character
      - Parental emphasis on how others feel
    - - Later-born children advanced in social cognition
      - Older sibs lead younger sibs into earlier social pretend play
    - - Emphasis on emotions & mental states
      - Emotion talk correlated with social cognition
    - - In-frame vs out-of frame
      - Includes others view points
      - Siblings use more internal-state talk out-of-frame
    - - Sophisticated
      - Awareness of pretence while pretending
      - But only social (not solitary) pretend play correlated
  - - - Universal (culture)
      - Set timetable
      - Emerges 18-24 mnths
      - Evolves from simple object substitution to complex role play
- - - - Unoccupied
        
        Onlooker
        
        Solitary
        
        No social participation
        
        Developmentally more immature
        
        1st two violate 5th aspect of play
      - Parallel
        
        Playing near but not interacting
      - Associative
        
        Interacting while typically doing same/similar things
      - Cooperative
        
        Interacting in complementary way
      - 1st four categories decrease w/ age, last two increase
  - - - Repeating already learned sensory/motor experiences for the pleasure
      - Doing things with physical objects
      - Observing properties
      - 6 mnths = before this not enough motor control
    - - Pretend/fantasy
      - Non-literal
      - Object as something else/not there
    - - Shift to concrete operational stage coincides with this shift
  - - - Making things - pictures, blocks, crafts
    - - Sociodramatic
        
        With others
        
        Acting out social roles
        
        Extended story sequence
      - Non literal translation of objects - can be on own
  - - - Overlap between categories
      - Implies developmental process - overlap means this is not always supported
      - Missing some types of play
        
        Jokes, lang
        
        Play fighting - no intention to hurt just fun
        
        Swimming, ice-skating
        
        E.g. Physical, verbal