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Ch 9 (Ch 8 (Cells (3 kinds of work cell do (Transport work (pumping…

- - - - Transport work (pumping substances across membrane; spontaneous)
        
        ATP phosphorylation transport proteins, causing a shape change that allows transportation of solutes
      - Mechanical work (contraction of muscle cells)
        
        ATP binds noncovalent to motor proteins & then is hydrolyzed causing change that walks motor protein forward
      - Chemical work (using endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously
    - - Energy coupling; use exergonic process to drive endergonic
        
        ATP responsible modifying most energy
    - - Energy required to bind P to ADP+ Free energy --> ATP+ H2O
        
        Comes from Exergonic reaction which coupling of endergonic reactions
  - - - Potential energy; not moving may still posses energy b/c location & structure
        
        Chemical energy; potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
      - Kinetic energy; Moving object can perform work by imparting motion to other matter
        
        Thermal energy (kin assoc) Random movement of atoms or molecules
        
        Heat; the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another
        
        Light energy uses photosynthesis in green plant
      - Thermodynamic; energy transformation occur in a collection of matter
        
        1st Law/ Principle of conservation of energy
        
        Energy can be transferred & transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
        
        Ex. Electrical companies do not create electricity but convert energy for our use
        
        2nd Law
        
        "Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe"
        
        Entropy; measurement of molecular disorder (increases organization over time)
        
        Reason why organism cannot recycle energy b/c every transfer or transformation some energy becomes unavailable for work and increases entropy
        
        Form of increasing amount of heat & less ordered form of matter
        
        Spontaneous process; Increases entropy doesn't require input of energy
        
        Non-Spontaneous; happens only if energy is supplied (decrease entropy)
  - - - Manages material & enery resource of cell
        
        Catabolic pathways (breaks down complex molecules)
        
        Ex. Cellular respiration; glucose & organic fuels broken down when oxygen to carbon dioxide and water
        
        Hydrolysis breaks down bonds by adding a water molecule
        
        Release 7.3 Kcal /mol (-35.5KJ)
        
        Cell's protein use energy released by ATP hydrolysis to perform cellular work; Chemical, transport, and mechanical.
        
        Transport and mechanical work in cell usually powered by ATP hydrolysis
        
        Mechanical involved motor protein along cytoskeleton elements, happens in ATP bond noncovantly to motor protein. Next ATP hydroysis releases ADP & P1. Another molecule can bind each stage changes shape and ability to bind cytoskeleton track
        
        Anabolic pathways (consumes molecules to make more complex molecules
        
        Ex. Synthesis of protein from amino acid
  - - - Free energy changes when system changes
        
        Change of G = G final state- G initial state
        
        Measure of a system's instability; tendency to change & be role stable
        
        Exergonic (energy outward)
        
        Release of free energy b/c chem mixture loose energy (G decreases) ΔG is negative
        
        Spontaneous
        
        ATP powers cellular work by coupling excergonic reactions to endergonic reaction
        
        Endergonic (energy inward)
        
        Absorbs energy from surroundings
        
        Stores free energy in molecules (G increase)
        
        ΔG is positive & non spontaneous
        
        ΔG magnitude is the quantity of energy drive reaction (uphill)
  - - - Activation energy; energy required to contort the reactants molecules to bonds can break
        
        Provides a barrier to determine rate of reaction
        
        Reactants absorb enough energy enough to reach top of barrier reactions occur
        
        Difficult to reach & doesn't enter transition state
        
        Passes barrier transition state; molecules become unstable
- - - - no-oxygen (Anaerobic) = fermentation in humans produces lactic acid but other organisms (yeast) produce ethanol or alcohol
      - Oxygen (Aerobic)
        
        Breaking glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules; each is 3 carbon molecules
        
        Net of 2 ATP; using 2 to be able to double it to 4 ATP= net +2
        
        Reduction NAD to NADH (gaining electrons)
        
        NAD+ gains an 2 electron and a hydrogen proton when becoming NADH
        
        Or negativity charged hydrogen atom
    - - Reactants; 1 glucose, 2NAD+ from Electron transport system, 2ADP + 2 P
      - Products; 2ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, 2NADH go to Electron transport system, and 2H+
  - - - reactants; 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NAD+ from Electron transport system, 2 coenzymes A
      - Products; 2CO2, 2NADH-go to Electron transport system, 2 Acetyl CoA
  - - - Reactants;2 Acetyl CoA
        6 NAD+ from ETS
        2 ADP + 2P
        2 FAD from ETS
      - Products: 4CO2, 6NADH go to ETS, 2FADH2 go to ETS, ATP
  - - - Chemiosmosis in mitochondrion
    - - Reactants; 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, O2, H+, ADP,P
      - Products; H2O, 32 OR 34 ATP, NAD+, FAD
    - - Most ATP made, happens in Cristae of mitochondrian, NEEDS OXYGEN
        
        Electron carriers transport electrons to co-enzymes; then transported down ETC releases energy; the energy is used to transform ADP + P to ATP
        
        Last acceptor is for oxygen electrons; oxygen removes the hydrogen and electrons, making water
      - Oxidative b/c oxygen as terminal electron acceptor
      - P from molecule of ATP from phosphorylation to ATP