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ONCOLOGY (STAGING (This is a process that doctors use to describe how far…
ONCOLOGY
STAGING
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Stage is often based to size of tumour, where the cancer has spread from where it started to other body parts
GRADING
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It is based on differentiation from normal cells, how quick they are growing and dividing, and how they are able to spread
Stages of cancer
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Stages I, II, and III: Cancer has grown or has spread into nearby tissues and perhaps lymph nodes .
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GRADES OF CANCER
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High grade
High grade cancer cells are usually poorly differentiated or undefferentiated and tumours are faster growing and spread earlier
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METHODS OF STAGING
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N(lLYMPH NODES)
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N1to N3: Cancer has spread into lymph nodes. (Numbers 1-3 are based on how many nodes are involved and how much cancer is found in them.)
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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Mutation of proto-oncogenesis lead to altered activity or increased expression of corresponding protein, thereby enhancing malignancy.
Damage to suppressor genes results in loss of activity thereby deleting function of regulating growth in cells.
MANAGEMENT
MEDICAL
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Involves several options like surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and others.
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