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Biology Ch 8-9 (Ch 8.4 (Substrate (the reactant that an enzyme acts on,…

- - - - release energy
      - Breaks down complex molecules into smaller compounds
      - Ex. Cellular respiration
    - - Consume energy
      - build complex molecules from simpler ones
      - Ex. the synthesis of protein from amino acids
  - - - Capacity to cause change
      - Kinetic energy
        
        associated with motion
      - Thermal Energy
        
        is the kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
        
        Heat is thermal energy in transfer between objects
      - Potential energy
        
        energy that matterpossesses because of its location or structure
      - Chemical Energy
        
        is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
  - - - require energy
      - Decrease in entropy
- - - - Location: cytoplasm near mitochondria
      - doesn't require oxygen
      - Reactants: Glucose, 2NAD+ from ETS, 2ADP + 2P
      - Products: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH go to ETS, 2H+
      - Breaks down glucose into 2 Pyruvic Acid molecules
    - - Location: cytoplasm->mitochondria
      - no oxygen required
      - Reactants: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NAD+ from ETS, 2 Coenzyme A
      - Products: 2CO, 2 NADH-go to ETS, 2 Acetyl CoA
    - - Location: Mitochondrial matrix
      - no oxygen required
      - Reactants: 2 Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+ from ETS, 2 ADP + 2P, 2 FAD from ETS
      - Products: 4 CO2, 6 NADH go to ETS, 2 FADH2 go to ETS, 2 ATP
    - - Location: inner mitochondrial membrane
      - requires oxygen
      - Reactents: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, O2, H+, ADP, p
      - Products: H2O, 32 or 34 ATP, NAD+, FAD
- - - - The three types of cellular work (mechanical, transport, and chemical) are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP
      - In the cell, the energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an endergonic reaction
      - Overall, the coupled reactions are exergonic
      - ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant
      - The recipient molecule is now called a phosphorylated intermediate
    - - ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
      - The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell
      - The ATP cycle is a revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolicto anabolic pathways