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Motivation (Hunger (Social Components (Cultural factors Sometimes rude…

- - - - Leptin: signals the hypothalamus that in the body has had enough food
        
        Reduce appetite
        
        Increase the feeling of being full
      - Hypothalamus
        
        Lateral hypothalamus (LH) : starts the eating responses when insulin increases
        
        Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH): stop eating response when glucose increase
      - Glucagon: increase level of glucose in bloodstream
      - Set points
        
        Weight set point: particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain
        
        Affected by the hypothalamus
        
        Affected by metabolism/exercise
        
        Basal metabolic rate (BMR) : rate at which the body burns energy when the organism id resting
        
        Related to weight set point
        
        Changes with age and activity level
      - Insulin: reduces level of glucose in bloodstream
  - - - Bulimia nervosa: binging and purging
      - Binge-eating disorder: frequent overeating
      - Anorexia nervosa: severe undereating
    - - Biological causes: heredity , hormones, slowing, metabolism with age
      - Other causes: overeating, stress
      - Body weight > or equal to 20% over " ideal" body weight for height
        
        Often measured by body mass index (BMI)
        
        Weight is NOT a particularly good indicator of health
- - - - Maslow's Heirarchy of needs
        
        Several levels of need a person must strive for before reaching self -actualization
        
        Physiological - safety- love/belonging- esteem- cognitive- aesthetic- self-actualization
        
        Transcendence: the search for spiritual meaning beyond one' s immediate self
        
        Added the original theory much later
        
        Self actualization: the point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
        
        peak experiences: times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
        
        Self-determination theory
        
        Relatedness: need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
        
        Competence; need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one's life
        
        Social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
        
        Supportive environment increases intrinsic motivation
        
        Autonomy: needs to be able in control of one's own behavior and goals (i.e) self-determination
    - - Arousal theory: assumes people have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
      - Yerkes- Dodson law: performance is related to arousal
        
        Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high
        
        Effect varies with the difficult of the task
        
        Easy tasks require a low-moderate level
      - Sensation seeker: one who needs more arousal than the average person
      - Incentives motives : things that attract or lure people into action
      - Examples of incentive:
        
        Hunger motivates eating by making food more attractive
        hungry people rate a sugar solution as more pleasant
        
        Excessive heat makes cold things more appealing
        
        People who are warm consider cool water to be more pleasant
    - - Instincts and the evolutionary
        
        Assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals
        
        Instincts: the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in people
        
        Better at describing than explaining behavior
        
        Examples of instincts
        
        Animals : migrating , mating , nest building , etc
        
        Humans: curiosity , fight, acquisition, etc
      - Drive Theories
        
        Drive - Reduction Theory
        
        Physiology needs - Internal drives- behavior
        
        Need: a requirement of some material essential for survival of the organism
        
        Drive: psychological tension and physical arousal that occurs as a result of a needs
        
        Motivates organism to act in order to fulfill need and reduce tension
        
        Primary: involves needs of the body (like eating)
        
        Acquired (secondary): learned through experience or conditioning
- - - - Responsible for aspects of physiological arousal
      - Some emotions produces similar physiological responses
        
        Anger/fear : fear increased heart rate, more rapid breathing
      - Polygraph test ('lie detector")
        
        Based on assumption that lying and telling the truth produce different physiological response
        
        Not supported by evidence
        
        Only detects physiological correlates emotion
        
        Not admissible evidence of innocence/guilt in US courtrooms
      - Other produce different physiological responses
        
        Disgust : high increases in skin conductance
        
        Happiness : less change in skin conductance
    - - Seems to be necessary for fear conditioning
      - Two roads to amygdala for emotional stimuli
      - Complex structure : many different nuclei and subdivisions
      - Two roads to amygdala for emotional stimuli
        
        "Low road"- faster but more crude (subcortical)
        
        "High road" - slower but more involved (cortical)
      - Frontal lobes
        
        left frontal lobe: associated with positive emotions
        
        Right frontal lobe: associated with negative emotions
- - - - Arousal (low vs high)
        
        Physiological activation
        such as increased in brain activity
      - Increased autonomic responses
        
        Such as increased heart rate, sweating , or muscle tension
      - Valence (negative vs positive)