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Chapter 8-9 (concept 8.1:an organisms metabolism transforms matter and…

- - - - kinetic energy is the relative motion of objects
        
        thermal energy is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
        
        heat is thermal energy in transfer from one object to another
        
        potential energy is an object not presently moving but still possess energy
        
        chemical energy refers to the potential energy available for the release in a chemical reaction
    - - the first law of thermodynamics is energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created and destroyed
        
        entropy is a measure of molecular disorder or randomness
        
        the second law of thermodynamics is every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
        
        the spontaneous process is when there is an increase in entropy.
- - - - endergonic reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings
- - - - activation energy is free energy of activation or when the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break
        
        catalysis is a process by which a catalyst that selectively speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed
        
        a substrate is the reactant an enzyme acts on is referred to as the enzymes
        
        enzyme-substrate complex which is where the enzyme binds to its substrate
        
        induced fit is the tightening of the binding after initial contact
        
        cofactors are bound tightly to the enzymes as permanent residents
        
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- - - - feedback inhibition is the end product of a metabolic pathway allosterically inhibits the enzyme for a previous step in the pathway
- - - - the citric acid cycle is part of the electron transport process
        
        oxidative phosphorylation is invoilved with electron transport and chemiosmosis
- - - - cytochromes is where most of the remaining electron carriers between between ubiquinone and oxygen are proteins
- - - - obligate anaerobes carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration
        
        facultative anaerobes are organisms including yeasts and many bacteria that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation