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PIE TO GERMANIC (PHONETIC SYSTEM (ACCENTUAL SYSTEM (PIE (Free/Floating…

- - - - Indicative (descriptive facts)
      - Imperative (command)
      - Optative (wish)
      - Injuctive (unreality)
      - Subjunctive (possibility)
    - - Active voice
      - Passive voice
      - Middle voice
    - - Present stem (ongoing action)
      - Past stem (completed action)
      - Future stem (resultant action
  - - - Present form
      - Past form
      - MARKED TENSE
        
        Changing the vowel of the base
        
        Past tense adding a dental
        
        Weak Verbs
        
        Strong Verbs
    - - Indicative
      - Imperative
      - Subjunctive (SYNCRETISM)
    - - Active voice
      - Passive voice (SYNCRETISM)
- - - - inflected for
        
        Nom
        
        Acc
        
        Gen
        
        Dat
        
        Ablative
        
        Locative
        
        Instrumental
        
        Vocative
    - - inflected for
        
        Acc
        
        Nom
        
        Gen
        
        Dat
        
        Instr
  - - - Strong Declension (indefinite noun)
      - Weak Declension (definite noun)
- - - - Free/Floating Stress
        
        Number of syllables
        
        Case
        
        Word class
    - - Fixed Stress
        
        1st syllable
        
        EXCEPTIONS (words with prefixes)
        
        Verbal prefixes were never stressed
        
        Nouns and Adjectives
        
        Compound words - 1st syllable second word
  - - - Grimm's Law
        
        Voiceless plosive > voiceless fricative
        
        Voiced plosive > Voiceless plosive
        
        Voiced aspirated plosive > Voiced plosive
      - Verner's Law
        
        Voiceless plosive > Voiced plosive
        
        Conditions
        
        Voiced environment
        
        Stress did not fall in the syllable preciding
  - - - Short Vowels /a, e, i, o, u/
      - Long vowels /ā ē ī ō ū/
      - Reduced vowels /ə/
      - Syllabic nasals /m̩, n̩/
      - Syllabic liquids /r̩ l̩/
      - Diphthongs
    - - Short vowel merger /ə a o/ > /a/
      - Long vowel merger /ā ō/ > /ō/
      - /ē/ > /ǣ/
      - /ēi/ > /ē/
      - DIPHTONGS
        
        /ai oi/ > /ai/
        
        /au ou/ > /au/
        
        /ei/ > /ī/ /ēi/ > /ē/