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Image of Mussolini (All-Powerful Duce (Portrayed As: (saviour of Italy,…

- - - - especially press, posters and film
  - - - became a victim of his own propaganda
      - his belief in his infallibility cut him off from reality
    - - once the Mussolini myth died, it was possible to replace Mussolini
- - - - his government was not efficient
        
        his advisers served to only do one thing - bolster his own image
  - - - e.g. his brother Arnaldo was one of the few who would tell Mussolini the harsh truth of his policies - died in 1931 (possible killed?)
      - distrustful of all other officials - by 1933 he had replaced his most able ministers with more submissive ones
      - like most dictators, he encouraged his ministers to clash so that they would be too busy fighting each other to take him on
  - - - due to his abilities as a speaker
      - also his ability to hold together what was otherwise an unorganised movement
- - - - e.g. he appointed the radical ras Farinacci as party secretary to bring the squads under centralised control
        
        he later dismissed Farinacci to avoid his radical ideas for complete revolution
      - since October 1926, Mussolini became permanent leader and all posts were appointed
        
        he appointed top officials that he could easily dominate
        
        as a result, the Fascist Grand Council didn't represent much because Mussolini maintained centralised, authoritarian control
      - if the Fascist government did anything, it was a 'capillary organisation' that diffused Mussolini's will to the people
        
        also a propaganda vessel that would organised parades to reform the Italian character
      - T. Koon
        
        "the party was increasingly visible and audible but liquidated as a political force, incapable of taking real initiatives, and reduced to the role of choreographer for the cult of the infallible leader"
- - - - Turanity finally broke down the power of the ras
  - - - most coherent Fascist Left
      - wanted to create syndicalist structure favouring workers
    - - ex-nationalists
      - wanted authoritarian state and imperialism
    - - Bottai and Grandi
      - wanted Fascism to fuse with existing elite
    - - the ras
      - wanted a Fascist dictatorship
      - Farinacci was favourable to Mussolini
    - - various other strands - e.g. Clerical and monarchial Fascists
  - - - once, one third of the members were workers and small farmers
        
        by the late 1920s, the party was overwhelming middle class
        
        as the class realised that their job opportunities depended more and more on party affiliation
      - more radical officials were replaced with more pliable ones that could be controlled
      - administration became increasingly Fascists
        
        because officeholders joined the Fascist party - not because Fascists took over the positions