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Individual Differences & Developmental Psychology (Biological…
Individual Differences & Developmental Psychology
Personality (ID)
Personality theories highlight the role of individual variation in the development of criminality or aggression
They may be more likely to engage in high risk sports or high stress & risky business ventures - interests therefore linked to their personality traits
Variations measured using psychometric testing like personality tests - not all individuals who display extroversion, psychoticism & neuroticism become criminals
Shows individuals may have same personality traits but their outward personalities may be significantly different
Self-fulfilling Prophecy (ID)
Highlighted because not everyone is exposed to the labelling associated with criminal behaviour
Not all individuals live up to the expectations of others therefore don't respond to self-fulfilling prophecy
Particularly for individuals with high self esteem & less regard of other people's opinions
Some people may even actively resist the labels given to them & work to overcome them
Social Learning Theory (D)
Social learning theory is concerned with developmental psychology because it's part of the early socialisation process
It doesn't have a specific age put on it but it is about the cultural & social upbringing of a young person & how they internalise behaviours when being raised
Exposure to aggressive or antisocial role models can affect how children acquire levels of reasoning & morals - persistent exposure will affect a child's development
Biological Explanations (D)
Biological approach provides multiple explanations for criminality, all of which result in individuals developing differently to others
XYY chromosomes inherited at conception can't be changed & result in potentially differing development
Other biological explanations are the result of changes since birth, such as acquiring a brain injury
Throughout our life we are subjected to hormones & neurotransmitters, the proportion of which can also result in differences in behaviour
Is particularly true for testosterone which has a greater influence on aggressive behaviour in adolescence & early adulthood stages
Self-fulfilling Prophecy (D)
Helps explain why some people's behaviour because it's more likely a label will be given to a young person & will be internalised which helps them form a sense of identity
At a younger stage of development there's greater vulnerability to internalise the beliefs other have about them