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Bone (Structure (Cells (Osteocytes (Most abundant, Maintain normal bone…

- - - - Axial Skeleton
        
        Shape
        
        Long bones
        
        Surrounded by the periosteum (aids repair and growth)
        
        Short bones
        
        Flat bones
        
        Irregular bones
        
        Tissue Type
        
        Compact/Cortical Bone
        
        Dense
        
        Diaphysis of long bones
        
        Outer surface of bone
        
        Hard
        
        Microstructure
        
        2 more items...
        
        Cancellous/Trabecular/Spongy Bone
        
        Metaphysis of long bones
        
        Centre of other bones
        
        Aka Woven Bone
        
        2 more items...
      - Appendicular Skeleton
  - - - XI. Compact Bone
        
        X. Osteons
      - XI. Trabecular Bone
        
        X. Lamellar Packets
        
        IX. Lamellae
        
        VIII. Collagen Fibril Bundle
        
        VII. Disordered Motif
        
        VII. Ordered Motif
        
        VI. Mineralised Collagen Fibril
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Hydroxyapatite
        Ca5(PO4)3OH
      - Trace elements
    - - Cells
      - Ground Substrate
      - Collagen
        
        Support & strength -> ECM
        
        Mainly type I in bone
        
        3 Alpha chains
        
        3 repeating amino acids
        
        Glycine
        
        Tight packing
        
        Proline/Hydroxyproline
        
        Limit rotation
        
        Strong and stiff fibres
        
        Form a triple helix
        
        Maintained by hydrogen bonds
        
        Stabilised by (hydroxy)lysine cross-links
        
        Self-assemble in the cell
        
        Leave the cell
        
        Loose ends are cleaved
        and become 'sticky'
        
        Self-assemble into a fibril
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Most abundant
      - Maintain normal
        bone structure
      - Recycle calcium salts
        in bone matrix
      - Assist in repair
    - - Break down bone
        
        To allow repair
        
        To regulate calcuim and
        phosphorus levels in the blood
      - Ruffled membrane makes a tight seal
      - Multinucleate
    - - Progenitor cells
      - Produce bone matrix
      - Promote deposition of calcuim salts
      - Differentiate when surrounded
        by calcified matrix
- - - - Crack-tip shielding
      - From microcracking
    - - Deflects crack path
- - - - Diverted around haversian system
        
        Cement lines
        
        Between lamellae
    - - Not influenced by haversian system
      - Lower toughness
    - - Hematoma Formation
        
        Soft Callus Formation
        
        Fibrocartilaginous callus
        
        Hard Callus Formation
        
        Spongy bone
        
        Bone remodelling
        
        Breakdown of spongy bone
        
        Replacement with cortical bone
      - Critical sized defects may not spontaneously heal
        
        Bone grafting
        
        Autologus
        
        Donor site morbidity
        
        Limited supply
        
        Allogeneic
        
        Disease transmission
        
        Immunogenicity
        
        Fracture Fixation Plate
  - - - Method
        
        Create a cavity between the periosteum and the bone
        
        Inject alginate gel
        
        Cross link with calcuim
        
        Seal incision
        
        Cells in periosteum create bone for transplantation
      - Advantages
        
        No need for cell culture
        
        No immune rejection
        
        Minimal pain at the donor site
        
        Adaptable to minimally invasive surgery
        
        Few regulatory issues
        
        Periosteum regenerates in 3 weeks
      - Different gels can be used
        to regenerate other tissues
        
        Including suramin prevents
        angiogenesis -> cartilage
    - - Collagen sponge soaked in growth factor (BMP)
      - Far too much growth factor
        
        Sterility
        
        Cancer
- - - - Stronger along the axis
        than normal to it
        
        Anisotropic
      - Increases with mineral content