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Endocrine system (Hormones (Chemical substances produced and secreted by…
Endocrine system
Hormones
Chemical substances produced and secreted by the endocrine glands (chemical messengers)
Transported throughout the body by bloodstream and perform many functions:
Stimulate exocrine glands to produce secretions
Stimulate other endocrine glands
Regulate growth and development
Regulate metabolism
Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Control various sex processes
Adrenal Glands
Located above the kidneys often called suprarenal glands
Each gland has two parts
Cortex- outer portion
Medulla- inner portion
Secretes steroid hormones which are classified into three groups
Mineralcorticoid, glucocorticoid, and gonadocorticoids
Epinephrine and norepinephrine– the flight or fight response
Pituitary Gland
Master gland of the body
Located at the base of the brain
It is divided under two sections:
Anterior and posterior lobes
Anterior Lobe –ACTC, TSH, GH, FSH,MSH, LH
Posterior Lobe- ADH, Oxytocin
Pineal Body
Located in the brain
Exact function unknown
Secretes three hormones:
Melatonin (regulates the sleep and wake cycles)
Serotonin-
Adrenogomerulotropin
Placenta
Temporary endocrine gland produced
during pregnancy
Functions
Acts as a link between mom and child, provides nutrition for developing infant, and promotes lactation
Three hormones: estrogen, progesterone, and chorionic gonadotropin
Expelled after the birth of the child
Endocrine
Group of ductless (without tubes) glands
Secrete substances called hormones
Hormones that are secreted directly
into bloodstream
The endocrine system consists of pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, pineal gland and the placenta
Parathyroid Glands
Attached to thyroid glands
Parathormone
Regulate amount of calcium in the blood
Stimulates bone cells to break down bone tissue and release calcium and phosphates into the blood, causing kidneys to conserve and reabsorb calcium.
Calcium important for blood clotting, the tone of heart muscle, and muscle contraction
Cushing’s syndrome
Over secretion of glucocorticoids caused by a tumor or excess production of ACTH.
Hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscle weakness, fatigue, hirsutism
(excessive growth or abnormal distribition of hair) poor wound healing, bruise easily, moon face, obesity
Remove the tumor hormone replacement therapy.
Can get cushings from long term steroid treament
Pancreas
Located behind the stomach, fish shaped organ
Both an exocrine and endocrine gland
Exocrine gland it secretes pancreatic juices
Endocrine _Islet of Langerhans produce insulin which helps absorb sugar from the blood,
Diabetes mellitus- chronic condition caused by the decrease secretion of insulin
Diabetes insipidus
decreased amount of vasopressin (ADH)
Low levels of ADH prevents water fro mbeing absorbed in the kidneys.
Polyuria, polydipsa, dehydration, weakness, constipation, and dry skin
Injections of ADH
Thyroid Gland
Synthesizes hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism and control the level of calcium and the blood
T3, T4 , and calcitonin
Located in neck
Requires iodine from food intake
Graves’ disease
Severe form of hyperthyroidism
More common in women then men
Strained intense expression, exophthalmia, goiter, emotional instability, tachycardia, tremendous appetite with weight loss,
Radioactive iodine- destroy the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid gland. Two forms exist: cretinism, and myxedema
Cretinism develops in infancy or early childhood and results in lack of mental and physical growth which leads to mental retardation. If found early can give oral thyroid hormone
Myxedema occurs later childhood –adulthood. Coarse, dry skin; slow mental function; fatigue; weakness; intolerance to cold; weight gain; edema; puffy eyes; and a slow pulse.
Treatment- administering oral thyroid hormone and adding iodized salt
Hypoparathyroidism
Underactive parathyroid causes low levels of calcium in the blood
Caused by surgical removal of gland
Tetany (sustained muscular contraction), hyperirritability of nervous system, seizures, twitching, death can occur if it involves muscles of the larynx and respiratory
Treat with calcium and vitamin D and parathormone
NIDDM (Type II)
mature onset obese adults and can be controlled through diet and exercise
Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, weight loss, slow wound healing time vision changes
If left untreated diabetic coma, death
Diet, regular exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin
Thymus
Located in the upper part of chest
Active in early life- activates cells of immune system
Atrophies (wastes away) during puberty
Produces thymosin (stimulates production of antibodies and lymphocyes)
Dwarfism
results from under secretion of GH that can be caused from a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or injury
Characterized by small body size, short extremities, and lack of sexual development. Mental development is normal
If caught early injections of GH for 5 or more years
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hyperactive thyroid, an iodine deficiency, an oversecretion of TSH on part of the pituitary gland.
Choking sensation, dysphagia, cough
Eliminate the cause, surgery may be required
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid which causes increased production of thyroid hormones and increases your metabolic rate
Extreme nervousness, tremors, irritability, rapid pulse, diarrhea, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, polydipsia, goiter formation –hypertension, extreme appetite with weight loss
Radiation to destroy thyroid, or thyroidectomy
Hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of parathormone
Results in hypercalcemia which leads to kidney stones, lethargy, GI disorders
Condition usually a result of a tumor so treatment would be to remove the tumor followed by administration of parathormone, diuretics and a low calcium diet
Addison’s disease
Decreased secretion of aldosterone. It interferes with the abosorption of sodium and water and increase the levels of potassium in the blood
Dehydration, diarrhea. Fatigue, hypotension, mental lethargy, weight loss, muscle weakness, bronzing of the skin color, and hypoglycemia
Administer corticosteroids, control intake of sodium and fluid replacement
Acromegaly- over secretion of GH(somatotropin) in an adult and is caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary system
Bones of hands and feet enlarge. Skin and tongue thicken, slurred speech develops
Gigantism is acromegaly but it occurs before puberty hits. Excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development and at times mental retardation
Surgical removal of tumor
IDDM (Type I)-usually occurs early in life and is more severe. It requires insulin
Ovaries: female sex glands, located in the pelvis, secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics
Testes: male sex glands, located in the scrotal sac, produce hormones that regulate secondary sexual characteristics