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Central Nervous System (Anatomical Organization of the Brain (Cerebellum…

- - - - Increases surface area
    - - In frontal lobe
      - Primary motor cortex
      - Well organized
      - Motor neuron cell bodies
      - Voluntary skeletal movement
    - - Primary somatosensory cortex
      - Receives sensory signals
      - General senses
        
        Skin
        
        All receptors
        
        Proprioceptors
        
        Mechanoreceptors
        
        Sensitive to stretch
  - - - Lateral aperatures
        
        1 medial
        
        2 lateral
        
        From fourth ventricle
        
        Continues to central canal of spinal cord
  - - - Less leaking
  - - - Initiates voluntary movement
      - Prefrontal cortex
        
        Planning
        
        Decision making
        
        Memory
        
        Task management
        
        Problem solving
      - Broca's area
        
        In left hemisphere
        
        Speech production
      - Central sulcus
        
        Separates frontal & parietal lobes
    - - Processes sensory stimuli
    - - Auditory & olfactory cortex
        
        Receives stimuli from smell & hearing
      - Recognize objects, written words, faces, emotional response, & memories
      - Wernicke's area
        
        Understanding speech
        
        In left hemisphere
        
        In temporal & parietal lobes
    - - Visual cortex
    - - Processes general visceral sensations
        
        Ex: hunger & thirst
      - Deep within lateral sulcus
      - Gustatory cortex
        
        Receives stimuli from taste
  - - - Superficial
      - Gray matter
        
        Neuron cell bodies & dendrites
      - 4mm thick
    - - Deep
      - Myelinated & unmyelinated axons (tracts)
      - Signals traveling
      - Tracts
        
        Association
        
        Fibers (axons)
        
        Tract is a bundle of fibers (axons)
        
        Connects parts of the same hemisphere
        
        Commissural
        
        Connects one hemisphere to the other
        
        Largest tract is corpus callous
        
        Projection
        
        Both ascending (sensory) & descending (motor) tracts
        
        Connects cerebral cortex to thalamus & brain stem & spinal cord
        
        Longest tracts
    - - Deeper
      - Deep gray matter
      - Not myelinated
      - Processing signals
  - - - Has several nuclei
      - Relay station for all conscious sensory signals traveling to cerebral cortex
        
        Does not include olfaction
      - Can amplify or dampen a signal
    - - Regulates autonomic (visceral motor) nervous system
      - Regulates body temperature
      - Regulates hunger/thirst
      - Regulates sleep/wake cycles
      - Regulates endocrine system
      - Regulates motivational behavior for food & sex
      - Involved with emotion & memory
      - Has multiple cell bodies
    - - Has one nucleus
      - Pineal gland
        
        Produces the hormone melatonin
        
        Prepares us for sleep
  - - - Contains nucleus involved with fight/flight/freeze response
      - Cerebral peduncles
        
        Tracts that connect midbrain to cerebral cortex
        
        All motor tracts from cerebrum to midbrain
      - Corpus quadrigemina
        
        4 bumps
        
        Superior colliculi
        
        Top 2 bumps
        
        Visual reflexes
        
        Subconscious tracking/following
        
        Inferior colliculi
        
        Bottom 2 bumps
        
        Auditory reflexes
    - - Pyramidal tracts
        
        Motor tracts that run through entire brain stem
      - Reticular formation nuclei
        
        Involved in controlling autonomic (visceral motor) behavior
        
        Gray matter
    - - Respiratory center
        
        Controls respiratory rate
      - Collection of gray matter
        
        Reticular formation
        
        Controls vital functions regulated by autonomic nervous system
      - Cardio center
        
        Controls heart rate & strength of heart beat
      - Vascular center
        
        Controls dilation/constriction of blood vessels & blood pressure
      - Pyramids
        
        Motor tracts
        
        White matter
        
        Decussation of pyramids
        
        Tracts criss cross
      - Cranial nerve nuclei
        
        Cranial nerves connect with brain
        
        Collections of neuron cell bodies
      - Sensory tracts
        
        Input from sensory neurons sent to thalamus then to cerebral cortex
  - - - Must travel through stem to get to cerebellum
    - - Does not begin movement
    - - Vermis
        
        Portion between two hemispheres
    - - Cerebellar white matter
        
        Tree branches
    - - Outside gray matter
    - - Connects brain stem to cerebellum
      - Superior
        
        Connects cerebellum to midbrain
        
        Messages to/from cerebrum
      - Middle
        
        Connects cerebellum to pons
        
        Messages to/from cerebrum
      - Inferior
        
        Connects cerebellum to PNS
        
        Messages primarily proprioceptive signals to cerebrum from PNS
- - - - Contains satellite cells
  - - - Toward brain
    - - Away from brain
- - - - Hypodermis
        
        Spongy bone
        
        Dura mater in brain
        
        Tough mother
        
        Periosteal dura mater
        
        Layer next to bone
        
        2 layers
        
        Meningeal dura mater
        
        Deeper layer
        
        Dursal sinus
        
        Carries oxygen poor blood
        
        Formed by dura mater layers splitting apart
        
        Has no smooth muscle
        
        Connects to internal jugular vein
        
        Drains blood into vein
        
        Subdural space
        
        Very little fluid
        
        Arachnoid mater
        
        Spider mother
        
        Web deep to arachnoid mater
        
        Subarachnoid space
        
        3 more items...
        
        Epidural space in spinal cord
        
        Adipose tissue
        
        Dura mater
        
        1 layer
        
        Meningeal dura mater
        
        Subdural space
        
        Arachnoid space
        
        1 more item...
        
        Only in spinal cord
  - - - Makes 500ml per day of fluid
      - Cilia circulates fluid
    - - Composed of capillaries & ependymal cells
      - Modifies cerebrospinal fluid