DNA connection
Genetic code
how cells make proteins
mutations
genes and DNA
order of the bases
the role of RNA
Types of RNA
other
the main functions of genes is to control the production of proteins in an organisms cells.
proteins determine the size, shape, and color ect. of an organism.
chromosomes are composed of mostly DNA
a DNA molecule is made up of four different nitrogen bases.
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine(C)
these bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder
genes
a gene is a section of a DNA molecule that contains the information to code for one specific protein.
a gene is made up of a series of bases in a row.
they are arranged in a specific order.
ATGACGTAC
a single gene can contain anywhere from several hundred to a million or more of these bases.
the order of nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced
protiens
proteins are a long chain molecule made of individual amino acids.
a group of three DNA bases codes for one amino acid.
CGT - cytosine-guanine-thymine
always codes for the amino acid alanine
the order of the three base code determines the order in which the amino acids are put together to form protein.
other
types of mutations
effects of mutations
if a mistake is made a gene may have the base A instead of C or G instead of T.
this kind of mistake can go all the way back to an organisms heredity
mutations
mutations are any change in a gene or chromosome
mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis.
the term mutation comes from the latin word that means change.
if a mutation occurs in a body cell such as a skin cell the mutation will not be passed on to the organisms offspring.
if the mutation occurs in a sex cell it can be passed on to an offspring.
some mutations are the result of small changes in an organisms hereditary material.
some mutations are the result of a single base being substituted.
this type of mutation can happen during the DNA replication process.
other mutations can happen when chromosomes don't separate correctly during meiosis.
when this happens a cell can end up with too many or too few chromosomes.
harmful mutations
if it reduces an organisms chances of survival or reproduction.
enviornment
helpful
harmful
the white lemur is a harmful mutation because while it doesn't affect the DNA in its environment it becomes more visible making it more easily hunted.
helpful mutations
antibiotic resistance to bacteria
RNA are the messengers that deliver the DNA to the cytoplasm.
other
protein synthesis
the production of proteins is called protein sythesis
what is RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
there are several types of RNA involved in protein synthesis
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
copies the coded message from the DNA to the nucleus and then to the cytoplasm
this carries the amino acids to to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein.
RNA is similar to DNA .
DNA has two strands RNA only has one strand.
RNA contains a different sugar from DNA
they have different nitrogen bases.
DNA contains Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine
RNA contains Uracil