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Cognitive Interview & Ethical Interview Techniques (Cognitive…
Cognitive Interview & Ethical Interview Techniques
Cognitive Interview
Method of interviewing eye-witnesses - aim is to help witnesses produce more accurate recall of a crime scene using techniques based on psychological research
Developed by Ronald Fisher & Edward Geiselman 1992
4 main techniques
Report everything - witness encouraged to report every single detail of event
Reinstate the context - witness asked to imagine all aspects of crime scene, e.g. weather, time & feelings.
Hoped context 'cues' can aid recall by triggering further info
Reverse the order - evidence suggests witness likely to give truer account under different circumstances
Change perspective - asked to 'tell the story' from someone else's perspective - might be view of different witness or someone who was directly involved
Enhanced CI
Developments of original pay more attention to aspects of interaction between interviewer/ee - includes making eye contact, reducing distractions, open-ended Q's (Fisher et al 1987)
Strength
Edward Geiselman & Colleagues 1985
Showed participants a film of violent crime, later, interviewed by officer either using CI or standard interview or interview using hypnosis
Average number of correctly recalled facts for the CI was 41.2, standard interview 29.4, hypnosis 38.0
Suggests CI leads to superior recall compared to alternative interviewing techniques
Weakness
Could lead to increase in recall of inaccurate info
Gonter Kohnken et al 1999
81% increase in correct info using CI but offset by 61% increase in incorrect info, compared with standard interview methods
Overall strength = leads to more info overall but lots may be inaccurate
Ethical Interview
Method of interviewing that acknowledges suspects are human beings & more likely to cooperate with police if rapport is established & they're treated with respect
Royal Commission on Criminal Justice 1991 conducted many false confessions & miscarriages of justice were result of police using unethical interview techniques during questioning
Strength
Produces higher success rates
Ulf Holmberg & Sven-Ake Christianson 2002
Carried out study of murderers' & sexual offenders' experiences of police interviews & their inclination to admit/deny crimes
Researchers found that interviews characterised by intimidation & dominance on the part of the police interviewer were most associated with denials
interviews marked by respect & +ve attitude towards the suspect most associated with confessions
EI results in more cooperative interviewees
Competing Argument
Gisli Gudjonsson 1992
Argues some EI techniques more naive, & social skills approach to questioning shouldn't entirely replace more persuasive methods
PEACE model - developed 1990's
Account, clarification, challenge
Using open-ended q's to elicit info
Closure
Giving the suspect chance to ask any q's
Encourage & explain
Active listening to promote rapport
Preparation & planning
Identifying key objectives of the interview
Evaluate
Reflecting on the interviewers performance
Application
Rebecca Milne & Ray Bull 2002
Any individual elements of CI in isolation tend to be more effective in eliciting accurate info than standard interview techniques
However, researchers also noted combination of report everything & context reinstatement particularly most fruitful