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Social Explanations (Self-fulfilling Prophecy (Takes labelling a step…
Social Explanations
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very existence of the prophecy itself, due to +ve feedback between belief & behaviour
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Sometimes known as Pygmalion Effect & means people will perform much better if there's higher expectations put on them
When have label assigned to them, begin to believe label & think they're expected to behave in that way - because of belief, fulfill their own prophecy
Strength
Marie Jahoda 1954
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Wednesday boys said to be more aggressive & volatile compared to Monday boys - they are 3 x more likely to be involved in violent crimes over 5yr period, suggests self-fulfilling prophecy influenced the boys' behaviour
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Social Learning
Acquiring behaviours, values & attitudes by observing & imitating other people
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Vicarious Reinforcement
If criminal behaviour is to be imitated - must be seen to be rewarded
Not difficult to see how offending behaviour could be rewarded, through the acquisition of money, for example
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Labelling
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Howard Becker 1963
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Powerful groups in society create deviance by making up rules & applying them to people they see as 'outsiders'
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Weakness
Implies without labelling, crime wouldn't exist
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