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CR - Upper RTIs (i) (Normal upper resp tract flora (S pneumoniae,…
CR - Upper RTIs (i)
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intro
most common infectious agents in general pop, esp in young children
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upper resp tract = nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
incl common cold, sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, diphtheria, laryngitis, epiglottitis, laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
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some progress to lower RTI (trachea, bronchi, lungs)
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Risk factors
age
children bear the heaviest burden - infected 3-8 times/yr, adults 2-4, over 60s less than once a yr
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seasonalilty (RSV, influenza, GAS peak in winter)
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travel
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diphtheria (vaccine-preventable, but breakdown in immunisation programmes in conflict zones)
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carrier states (e.g. some people are colonised with S aureus, some aren't)
ILI
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causes: influenza virus (staff should be vaccinated to protect patients), more rarely parainfluenza or adenoviruses
Croup
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viral (influenza, parainfluenza, RSV)
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SOB, inspiratory stridor, seal-like cough
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common cold
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coryza/rhinitis, sore throat, cough
caused by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, RSV
spread
droplet
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large particles settle quickly, small ones remain airborne for 1-2hrs
fomites
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some bacteria remain alive on these for wks/months (TB, staph, strep)
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