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Psychological disorders (Abnormal/Normal: abnormal behaviour = personally…

- - - - biological factors (e.g. genotype, neurotransmitter system, highly sensitive autonomic nervous system, hormonal factor)
      - personality facotors (e.g. low selfesteem, extreme pessimism)
      - environmental or social factors (e.g. poverty, severe trauma, loss earlier in life)
      - cultural factors (e.g. overemphasis on ahievement and competitiveness in contemporary Western societies)
- - - - subjective-emotional component: feelings of fear and apprehension
      - cognitive component: worrisome thiughts and a sense of inability to cope
      - physiological responses: increased heart rate and blood pressure, muscle tension, rapid breathing, nausea or dry mouth
      - behavioural response: avoidance of certain situations, impaired performance on other tasks
      - ... but in anxiety and related disorders: the frequency & intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them
    - - Phobia = strong & irrational fears of certain objects or situations
        
        Agoraphobia = fear of situations using public transport, being in crowd, outside home; difficulty escaping
        
        Social phobia = fear of social situations in which they be negatively evaluated by others
        
        specific phobias (dogs, spiders, airplanes, lifts, blood, injections, heights)
    - - listed together with hoarding disorder, hair pulling, skin picking and body dysmorphic disorder
      - 2 Components:
        
        Obsession: repetitive & unwelcome thoughts, images or impulses that invade consciousness, are often abhorrent to the person and are very difficult to dismiss or control
        
        Compulsions repetitive behaviours, that can be resisted only with great difficulty; overt or covert, strengthened through negative reinforcement allowing to avoid anxiety
    - - grouped together with trauma & other trauma and stess-related disorders (e.g. adjustment disorder, reactive attachment disorder
      - 4 major symptome clusters
        
        Intrusion symütomes: like intrusive images, memories and dreams, that cuase the person to re-experience the traumatic event as if it were recurring again and again
        
        persistent avoidance of any reminders of the traumatic event
        
        negative changes in cognitin and mood, onvolving e.g. fear, helplessness, self-blame, anger or hopelessness
        
        Changes in arousal and reactivity can manifest in sleep disturbances, poor concentration, hypervigilanc, exaggerated startle responses, and reckless or impulsive behaviour
      - traumas caused by human actions (like war, rape, torture) are 5 to 10x more likely to precipitate PTSD compared to natural disasters
      - may increase vulnerability to the subsequent development of other disorders
        
        post-trauma interventions aimed at preventing the development of PTSD important
    - - Biological factors (genetic factors to some extend, GABA/serotonin low, also sex linked predispositon: female get it more often
      - psychological factors
        
        Psychodynamic theories
        
        the role of learning
      - cognitive factors
      - sociocultural factors
        
        culture-bound disorders
  - - - dissociative amnesia: resoinse to a stressful event with extensive memory loss
      - dissociative fugue: loss of all ense of personal indentity, person gives up her or his customaty life, wanders to a new faraway location and establishes a new identity
      - dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder
        
        trauma-dissociation theory
  - - - major depression vs. persistent depressive disorder
      - symptoms
        
        negative mood state
        
        cognitive symptoms
        
        motivational symptoms
        
        somatic symptoms
    - - bipolar I disorder: periods of mania ↔ depressive episodes
      - bipolar II disorder: hypomanic ↔ depressive episodes
    - - Biological factors
        
        genetic: behavioural inhibition system (neurocism) & behavioural activation system (extraversion)
        
        neurochemical factors: norepinephrin, dopamin, erotonin low
      - psychological factors
        
        personality-based vulnerability
        
        early catastrophic lsses increas vulnerability to later dpressive disorders
      - cognitive processes
        
        depressive cognitive triad
        
        negative thoughts concerning