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The Nervous System (Histology (Neuroglial cells (Astrocytes (Functions (To…
The Nervous System
Histology
Neuroglial cells
Astrocytes
Functions
To support Axons
Control blood flow
Maintain blood brain barrier
Locations
In CNS
Near Axons
Traits
Star shaped
Many processes extend out onto the axons
Compose 20%-40% of all neuroglia
Ependymal cells
Line the ventricles of the brain
Simple cuboidal shape
Ciliated
Serve to circulate the CSF
Microvilli
Aid in the absorption of CSF
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate the axons of the CNS
Traits
Cell body is located away from the axon
The myelin sheath is "Secreted" onto the axon
Satellite cells
Located within the Ganglia
Around nerve cell bodies
Schwann Cells
Functions
Myelinate PNS Axons
Creates the Myelin Sheath for the PNS
Phagocytosis of damaged axons
Increase the speed of signals along the axon
Insulate the axon like the covering of a wire
Locations
Around the axons of the PNS
Traits
Body of the cell is wrapped around the axons
Each schwann cell is separated by a node of ranvier
Neuron Cell Bodies
The receptive portion of the neuron
Found in
Grey matter
In the cortex
Inside the spinal cord
Outside the brain
Ganglia
Outside the spinal cord
Nuclei
Inside the brain
Polar neurons
Monopolar
Associated with sensory neurons
Send a signal in one direction
Multipolar
Associated with motor neurons
Bipolar
Associated with interneurons
Pseudo unirpolar
Associated with dorsal root ganglion
CNS
Consists of
The Brain
White matter
Deep to cortex
Location of axons
Grey matter
Located
Outside, cortex
Nuclei
A similar structure to ganglia
Located within the brain
Basal ganglia
Cranial nerve nuclei
Cerebellar nuclei
Nuclei of the hypothalamus
Composed of
Neuron Cell Bodies
Unmyelinated axons
Protective layers of the brain
meningeal layers
Dura Mater
"tough mother"
DICT
Keeps CSF within brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid mater
"Spider mother"
Creates subarachnoid spaces, around which CSF circulates
Pia mater
"gentle mother"
The layer closest to the brain
Tracts of the brain
Commisural
Connect one hemisphere to another
Association
Connect two parts of one hemisphere
Projection
Connect brain to spinal cord
Primary functions of the brain
Integration
Bringing together multiple types of information
Creating the "What"
Processing
Receiving sensory input
Bringing this input to the correct part of the brain
Cognitive functions
Primary parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Midbrain
Cerebellum
PNS
Consists of
The Spinal Cord
White matter
Outside
Structure
Lateral Funiculus
Dorsal Funiculus
Ventral funiculus
Grey matter
Inside
Structure
Dorsal/Ventral horns
Dorsal/Ventral roots
The roots of axons
Dorsal
Associated with the sensory nerves
Ventral
Associated with the motor nerves
Meninges of the spinal cord
All "peripheral" nerves
Proprioceptors
Associated with perception of position
Located...
In the tendons
In the joints
Various skeletal muscles
Innervated by unipolar neurons
Skeletal muscle
Associated with voluntary movement
Innervated via multipolar neurons
Nerves of the integumentary system
Innervations of the skin and glands
Exocrine
Located outside the body
Various secretions
Sweats
apocrine
eccrine
oils
Endocrine
Located within the body
Secrete hormones
Examples
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
Detect temperature
mechanoreceptors
Detect mechanical force
Vibration
Pressure
Used in the sensation of touch
Ganglia
Locations
Basal ganglia
Within the brain
Dorsal root ganglia
Outside the spinal cord
Functions
Receptors
Visceral
Sensory
Connected to spinal cord by
Visceral somatic fiber
Leads to dorsal horn
Motor
Connected to spinal cord by
Visceral motor fiber
Arises from ventral horn
Somatic
Sensory
Connected to spinal cord by
Somatic Sensory Fiber
Leads to the Dorsal horn
Motor
Connected to spinal cord by
Somatic Motor Fiber
Arise from ventral horn