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Mary I (Persecution (between 1555- 1558 there were 285 burnings, Cranmer…
Mary I
Persecution
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Cranmer was burnt March 1555? for his involvement in the Lady Jane Grey plot?-Cranmer did recant, but was burnt anyway- this angered the protestants and Cranmer died a martyr.
Leading Bishops such as Latimer, Ridley and Hooper were burnt at the stake- this warned other bishops not to do the same.
After the death of Gardiner who was cautious about Mary's persecutions- Reginald Pole replaced him and burnings increased ...FIND OUT HOW MUCH THEY INCREASED BY
Simon Renard (Charles V ambassador) who did usually support Mary and give her advice- and some even argued that Mary was too reliant on him. BUT even he was cautious about the persecutions and advised Mary to calm down a bit?
A lot of the crowd watching the protestants being burnt felt pity for them- shows that they felt that Mary's form of persecution was too extreme.
It has been claimed that there were quite a lot of the public that sought to hunt for the heretics to be burnt and would return them to Mary to be burnt-so shows support
arguably the burnings as a method of persecution was effective because it got rid of the leading protestant bishops and clergy- so without leadings how could protestant teachings remain?
Restoring Catholicism
CONCLUSION- Mary did manage to restore Catholicism- but due to her brief reign- early death in 15580 meant that she wasn't able to fully embed it.
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ACTS and Parliament
In Mary's 1st meeting with Parliament- she managed to repeal all of Edward VI's acts-- so brought back treason act and act of 6 articles from Henry VIII's reign?
In order to achieve the Second Act of Repeal , she had to promise to protect the property rights of those who had bought church lands since 1536- which shows that Mary had to recginise the authority of parliament over her matters of religion. this meant that Mary had to abandon her plan for a full scale restoration of monasteries and had to be content with only returning the monastic lands still held by the crown (worth £60,000)
this had consequences as it meant that Mary lost financial income couldnt afford well trained clergy and priests etc to teach Catholicism properly- and led to issues with the propaganda war - 'war of the words'
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Opposition
THE WYATTS REBELLION
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WHAT HAPPENED
INITIAL PLAN
Each of the 4 leaders would raise rebellions in one of 4 countries and together would converge in London, in March 1554. they would then replace Mary with her half sister Elizabeth I and marry her to Edward Courtenay, and they planned that a French fleet of ships would prevent Phillip of Spain from reaching England.
WHY DID THE PLAN FAIL?
rebels didnt get much support from the different countries and Thomas Wyatt only managed to raise 2, 500 armed men- because many people although didnt want Mary to marry a foreigner- they wanted to stay loyal to the monarch- didnt want to be convicted of treason.
The announcement of Mary and Philip's marriage was announced January 1554- which was earlier than planned so meant that they didnt have foreign support from France.
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The imperial ambassador Simon Renard heard rumours of the plot and informed Stephn Gardiner- so Gardiner brought Edward Courtenay in for questioning- Edrward Gardiner all about the plot- so the government knew about the plan even before it was happening.
to get into the city, Wyatt planned to go through gate, but it turned out that the gate was heavily fortified- so they had to go down these narrow streets- the rebels then became trapped by Londoners who supported Mary
Mary chose to stay in London- eventhough she was advised by Gardiner to seek shelter elsewhere- instead she stayed and ordered fortification of London and told people in the city about the damage that the rebels could do , which convinced the councillors to stay and join her.
rebellion started in worst month- January- in terms of weather-the road they planned to transport men and equipment became unstable due to rain.- meant that they lost some equipment that could have helped them in London
for the rebellion to be successful- it required all three uprisngs to succeed if authorities were going to split ?
CONSEQUENCES
Arrest of Princess Elizabeth February 1554 - paget though she should be spared, whereas Renard and Charles V thought she should be executed along with Courtenay.
over 100 executed- including Duke of Suffolk, and his daughter Lady Jane Grey , Guilford Dudley and Wyatt.
after 600 rebels captured were freed after the event- whilst Wyatt defended Elizabeth saying that she shouldn't be executed- this saved her and meant she was just under house arrest
CRITCIAL PROPAGANDA
JOHN FOXE'S 'BOOK OF MARTYRS' that was written in 1563- depicted Marys graphic burnings of heretics- especially of Latimer and Ridley. He also criticised Mary as a female monarch.
Extremist protestant exiles travelled around Europe? and published protestant propaganda- was so extreme that a commission thing was set up to try and prevent it?
THE LADY JANE GREY PLOT
CAUSES
Edward's 'devyse' changes made to the succession of the throne- said that Northumberland's son Guilford would marry Lady Jane Grey who was protestant which happened in May 1553, and she would become queen. Got people to sign the devyse after Edward VI died in 6 July 1553- but was not passed by parliament- so lacked legitimate authority. letters patent drawn up- lady jane grey was made queen.
WHAT HAPPENED?
Mary wrote to the privy council claiming the throne on 9th July 1553. Northumberland wrote to Mary rejecting her claim to the throne and then he gathered troops and sacked property belonging to supporters of Mary.
Mary went out of London and around Norfolk where she gained a lot of support- from elites etc- who wanted traditional, catholic succession. Northimberland failed to rally support in East Anglia.
when Northumberland returned to London 19th July he was told that Mary was proclaimed queen. This is because when Mary was at Thames Valley gathered more support from novility etc and these people persuaded memebrs of Northumberland's privy council , who signed the letters Patent to support Mary. Mary also had support from Charles V
CONSEQUENCES
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Both Lady Jane Grey and Guilford Dudley who were found guilty of high treason so were held in the tower of London
FOREIGN POLICY
Mary's marriage with Philip meant that she was dragged into the war between France and Spain- which had been strated by ant- Spanish pope Pope Paul IV- so meant that Mary was effectively at war with the papacy.
England declared war with France in 1557 - Spain and England were successful- but Spain was unable to follow up the victory due to financial problems. This meant that In January 1558- Francais seized Calais from English hands- and this was a humiliating loss- as Calais had been in English hands for centuries and it represented the last of the great medieval empire. English troops also made no attenpts to recapture the city.
Despite Mary's failure in foreign policy- she did improve the military and the navy- and in her reign 6 new ships were built and many others were repaired. and there was complete reorganisation of finance of navy. Mary also reformed process of raising troops